Evgeny Kaganer (Ph.D., Louisiana State University) is an Associate Professor of Information Systems at IESE Business School. and low self-control from the bright side of social media affordances. Our theoretical development builds upon two psychological theories . Then, it examines the significance and limitations of the original meaning of, Social media platforms are associated with significant digital transformations but also carry some uncertainty for organisations seeking to capitalise on their affordances while developing new, The use of social media technologiessuch as blogs, wikis, social networking sites, social tagging, and microbloggingis proliferating at an incredible pace. This facet of association was captured in the policy element with the highest prevalence in the sample, Blurring the Personal and the Professional Boundary. Tong S. T., Van Der Heide B., Langwell L., Walther J. We interpret these changes as reflecting increasing sophistication and maturity of the way organizations perceived social media affordances and devised governance principles over time. Finally, through association, social media can create and sustain relationships between entities. channels that allow users to: opportunistically interact and selectively self-present "either in real time or asynchronously, with both broad and narrow audiences, who derive value for user-generated content and the perception of interaction with others. Treem and Leonardi (2012) identified these four affordances based on an extensive review of the emerging literature. 38-55. I agree, also the repost feature is crucial / effective for the unite in protest, raise issues and have their voice heard that you mentioned. Shami N. S., Muller M., Pal A., Masli M., Geyer W. Adoption of social networking sites: An exploratory adaptive structuration perspective for global organizations, A tale of two trajectories: Bottom-up social software adoption in differing organisational contexts, Digital age| Managing opacity: Information visibility and the paradox of transparency in the digital age. The affordance perspective especially helps researchers better understand how new IT, including social media, becomes perceived and used in similar and different ways across various social environments (Fayard & Weeks, 2011; Leonardi, 2011; Leonardi & Barley, 2010; Markus & Silver, 2008). Policies have long been one of the key tools of IT governance as they can shape employees' perception of IT and contribute to the emergence of shared understandings of what new IT can and cannot do and what uses are appropriate or not (Huang, Zmud, & Price, 2010). 45, No. We now turn our attention to the subset of 45 policies for which the enactment date was known. N1 - Publisher Copyright: 4, pp. Many users place too much value on the number of likes they get on a post and can obsess about it. Toward a strategic research agenda, Knowledge sharing motivational factors of using an intra-organizational social media platform, The impact of information technology on knowledge creation: An affordance approach to social media. The results suggest that social media affordances (visibility, persistence, association, and editability) positively influence technological stress (impression management concerns and privacy concerns) and technological stress positively influences social media fatigue. Request for personal identification and transparency with regard to organizational affiliation. Respect Your Time. (Sambamurthy & Zmud, 1999; Weill, 2000), less effective. His research focuses on social and mobile technologies and their impact on individuals, organizations, and business models. Similarly, What To Post and What Not To Post elements provided specific guidance to employees to tackle the affordances of visibility and persistence. 43, No. We noted specific temporal trends in how organizations perceived and responded to the affordances of social media. There has been growing research on the use and effects of social media in organizations (Gray, Parise, & Iyer, 2011; Raeth, Smolnik, Urbach, & Zimmer, 2009). 3, 10 August 2020 | Academy of Management Annals, Vol. Affordances are the products of relationships between people and technology or between organizations and technology (Hutchby, 2001; Zammuto et al., 2007). Editability was mostly framed in terms of editability by others, while the focus of association was on the connection between employee and organization. In particular, we investigated if and how policies reflected and reacted to social media affordances. At the same time, the emphasis of the policy element related to Foster Community showed a marked increase over time. 2019, Influencers pay double: The ice cream truck defying Instagram freebies, BBC News 4 July, viewed 4 July 2019,
pr@navitas.com. (Navitas). Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions. In outlining its specific intellectual trajectory from psychology, to technology and design studies, sociology, and communication and media studies, our intention is to focus on some of the many-and sometimes conflicting-ways in which affordance has been conceptualized and operationalized across various disciplinary boundaries. The previous paragraphs analyzed manifestations of social media affordances and governance principles in our entire sample of policies, regardless of when the policies were put in place. Postal address: Avenida Pearson, 21 08034 Barcelona Spain, Appendix B Inter-coder agreement rates by code, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. These perceived affordances refer to the opportunities for action that the object enables the user to carry out. Two affordances integral to Twitters design, and formerly unique to Twitter is the use of Hashtags to link the tweets of strangers on similar topics together and the ability to direct a post at someone, including a celebrity by tagging them, for example @BarackObama. As a final step of our analysis, we explored temporal patterns in the evolution of various facets of social media affordances and governance principles. As noted earlier, policies in our sample revealed the affordance of association between employees using social media and their respective organizations. From a . 12 It has been reported that social media platforms enable the circulation of false content online. Management, however, faces a number of challenges as it stands to lose some of its traditional control over what IT initiatives and applications are being implemented and used in the organization (Kane, Fichman, Gallaugher, & Glaser, 2009; Safko & Brake, 2009; Stolley, 2009). All time and effort spent on your personal site should be done on your personal time and should not interfere with your job duties or work commitments. [Fellowship church], Misrepresentation and Disclosure of Information (84%), Blurring of Personal/Professional Boundary (91%), Leverage Established Governance Mechanisms, Rely on hierarchy and personal responsibility, Blurring of personal/professional boundary, Copyright 2022 International Communication Association. Boyd et al. 11791206. Through a systematic literature review, the characteristics of affordances research in social media are uncovered: the most prominent areas of application, research approaches, and dominant typologies and conceptualisations. First, for those employees who had not been exposed to social media before and, therefore, did not yet have established perceptions of social media affordances, the portrayal of social media provided by the policies would likely shape their perceptions of the affordances and, hence, use of social media in a certain restrictive way. To ensure reliability of the coding process, we randomly drew 23 documentsapproximately 30% of our sampledouble-coded them, and then compared our independent coding. Contrasting prior work on the topic, we find that sellers are more likely to use media sequentially than simultaneously, and sellers often leverage social media because of the searchability and immediacy of the platform compared with other tools. Social Media Affordances on Online Communal Knowledge Sharing", Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Vol. To do so, we combined policies of organizations that belonged to similar industries (e.g. author = "Weber, {Matthew S.} and M{\"u}ge Haseki". 2009). The findings show that employees strategically select media to build stronger client relationships. Never pick fights and always take the high road. [AMP3]. Contrasting prior work on the topic, we find that sellers are more likely to use media sequentially than simultaneously, and sellers often leverage social media because of the searchability and immediacy of the platform compared with other tools. You are responsible for your actions. social networking websites such as Facebook, microblogging platforms such as Twitter). We collected 74 corporate policy documents concerning the use of public social media sites by employees (e.g. Emmanuelle Vaast (Ph.D., Ecole Polytechnique) is an Associate Professor of Information Systems at the Desautels Faculty of Management of McGill University. Instead, policies provided a range of editorial recommendations aimed at helping employees master the style and tone of their social media contributions. References: Fox, J & Moreland, J. The If Uncertain Ask Authority and Management Approval of Social Media Initiatives policy elements illustrated this reaction. Stuart H. C., Dabbish L., Kiesler S., Kinnaird P., Kang R. Subramaniam N., Nandhakumar J., Baptista J. Participation to social media should not interfere with work activities. Employee voice: Untapped resource or social media time bomb? Common social media include blogs, microblogs, social networking sites, wikis, and video- or content-sharing sites (Piskorki & McCall, 2010; Vaast, Davidson, & Mattson, forth coming). journal = "International Journal of Electronic Commerce", Social Media Affordances to Engage Clients During the Sales Process: Sequential versus Multiplex Media Use, Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2021.1846855. How organizations actually perceive and respond to employee use of social media, however, has received scarce attention. [DePaul University]. The ecological psychologist James Gibson (1977) introduced the concept of affordance to account for how various users may perceive and therefore use the same object, such as a rock or a door handle, in widely different ways (Fayard & Weeks, 2007; Zammuto, Griffith, Majchrzak, Dougherty, & Faraj, 2007). Contrasting prior work on the topic, we find that sellers are more likely to use media sequentially than simultaneously, and sellers often leverage social media because of the searchability and immediacy of the platform compared with other tools. In going through this exercise, we realized that some of the policy elements went beyond acknowledging (making sense of) a particular facet or characteristic of social media and were aimed, quite explicitly, at shaping employee behavior in relation to that facet or social media use in general. Encouragement to generate and sustain sense of community. Social, Open and Participative? The purpose of this policy is to assure communications in online communities made on behalf of Sutter Health or its affiliates are consistent with the organizations' Employee Handbooks and Standards for Business Conduct, policies and applicable laws, including laws concerning privacy, confidentiality, copyright and trademarks. [Sutter Health]. Finally, the policies invoked a range of governance principles whose main objective seemed to hedge against or reduce unforeseen risks of social media. Further, including a video in your blog was very interesting, and more interactive than a lengthy quote (I may have to borrow that idea in the future). Data were collected through a series of interviews and ethnographic observations and were analyzed as part of a multimethod case study. In outlining its specific intellectual trajectory from psychology, to technology and design studies, sociology, and communication and media studies, our intention is to focus on some of the manyand sometimes conflictingways in which affordance has been conceptualized and operationalized across various disciplinary, For this study, we followed the director general (DG) of a large Swedish public authority on Twitter. Policies reflect the perceptions of social actors involved in their formulation. Additionally, policies usually targeted employees as content producers in isolation and did not address the possibility for them to use social media to develop content in conjunction with others. Gamification making work fun, or making fun of work? This study used purposive sampling to select teachers who taught grades 7-10 . doi = "10.1080/10864415.2021.1846855". Schmidt G. B., Lelchook A. M., Martin J. E. The relationship between social media co-worker connections and work-related attitudes, The network awareness tool: A web 2.0 tool to visualize informal networked learning in organizations. Exploring personal experiences and organisational effects of enterprise2. The prominence of such policy elements as Editorial Style Recommendations and Follow Established (Generic) Rules corroborates this point. We analyzed the data from Twitter and from interviews in terms of four affordances that, This chapter deals with the seemingly simple but surprisingly complex task of defining social media. The trend towards professionalization of governance was also evident in policies increasingly referring to resources and positions specifically dedicated to deal with social media. Social media policy refers to pre-established rules and regulations. (, Foote, D. A., Seipel, S. J., Johnson, N. B., & Duffy, M. K. (, Freyne, J., Berkovsky, S., Daly, E. M., & Geyer, W. (, Huang, R., Zmud, R. W., & Price, L. R. (, Kane, G. C., Fichman, R. G., Gallaugher, J., & Glaser, J. In particular, policies presented visibility, persistence, and editability, as factors increasing the probability for sensitive organizational information to become accessible to and manipulable by diverse external audiences. Social media have changed the way salespeople communicate with and build relationships with clients. In this sense, policies communicate organizations' official perception of the affordances of social media. This approach allowed organizations to deal with social media on a case-by-case basis, helping them adjust to the changing technological environment. The value of your great idea suffers to the extent that you allow misspelled words and bad grammar. (American Institute of Architects). Further, policies highlighted a particular facet of editability - that related to the ability of others (outside the organizations) to amend and manipulate social media content - leading to expressions of risks of losing control over information and risk-management governance principles. Boudreau K. J., Guinan E. C., Lakhani K. R., Riedl C. Looking across and looking beyond the knowledge frontier: Intellectual distance, novelty, and resource allocation in science, Enacted integrated information technology: A human agency perspective, The stress potential of social media in the workplace, Social network research in organizational contexts a systematic review of methodological issues and choices, Effects of support and job demands on social media use and work outcomes. 26 With the affordance provided by social media, sharing news or information has . What is more, social media policies have been one of the only governance vehicles available to organizations as they respond to employee use of social media (Kane et al., 2009). First, we were interested in analyzing comprehensive policy documents that covered a wide range of publicly available social media tools and uses, instead of those focusing on a particular application, such as for example a blogging policy. Second, in order to ensure a fairly representative nature of the sample we reviewed the entire database of policies and selected organizations from a variety of industries and sectors. The purpose of this paper is to . Policies enacted at different dates therefore suggested a transformation in organizations' perception of and reaction to social media affordances over time. The contradictory influence of social media affordances on online communal knowledge sharing. Discussions of long-lasting traces provided by social media and of their public nature. From e-learning to social-learning: Mapping development of studies on social media-supported knowledge management, Social Media and Their Affordances for Organizing: A Review and Agenda for Research, Bureaucracy for the 21st Century: Clarifying andExpanding Our View of Bureaucratic Organization, No Change Is an Island: How Interferences between Change Initiatives EvokeInconsistencies That UndermineImplementation, OMG! This trend suggests a growing organizational recognition of the affordance of association not only as that between employees and organization, but also between employees and organization, on the one hand, and other parties, on the other. For instance, statements highlighting the public nature of any contribution an employee might post in social media reflected visibility: You will probably be read or heard by people who know you. T1 - Social Media Affordances to Engage Clients During the Sales Process, T2 - Sequential versus Multiplex Media Use. For example, the Identify Yourself policy element addressed the facet of the affordance of associationassociation between employee and organizationthat had become important with the rise of social media. 4, 25 April 2018 | Academy of Management Review, Vol. 624-642). Nevitt, J. Indeed, organizations do not only have to develop an understanding of the affordances of social media, but they also need to respond to it to shape employees' use of social media in the workplace. Policies have also turned out to be one of the most prevalent tools of social media governance (Guerin, 2011; Kane et al., 2009). With persistence, social media allow for content previously created and published to remain permanently accessible (Wagner & Majchrzak, 2006). I personally find it quite humorous when children and teenagers cant comprehend a time without the internet or social media, how did we survive? Social Media: Analyze Affordances, Not Features Facebook features are designed to trigger social behavior, not create it. Too much of a good thing? In contrast with traditional IT, social media applications are user-friendly and often are available for free or at low cost. On the other hand, the What To Post statements were much more specific but fairly infrequent. status updates, editing and commenting capabilities) and that they contrast with other forms of computer-mediated communication (CMC) technologies (e.g. If you participate in or maintain a social media site on behalf of the university, clearly state your role and goals. title = "Social Media Affordances to Engage Clients During the Sales Process: Sequential versus Multiplex Media Use". Udacity (2015) released the video below to illustrate how affordances and limitations affect the relationship between object and person. The former element retained its prevalence throughout the observation period. Our empirical analyses focused on identifying and exploring manifestations of the social media affordances and organizational governance principles present in the policies. related to culture, innovation processes; McAfee, 2006) as well as externally (e.g. You must make sure you do not disclose or use Kaiser Permanente confidential or proprietary information or that of any other person or company on any blog. [Kaiser Permanente]. This paper first reviews the development and application of affordances theory in the field of social media studies. legal concerns, issues with image control). Furthermore, these later policies also started to refer to resources specifically dedicated to governing social media in the organization, for instance through mentions of personnel whose primary role was to guide employees in their organizational use of social media. This affordance is utilised by over half of all internet users, although research show that most users are unaware of this need (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar 2016, pp. Policies brought up another implication of editability for organizations: social media made it possible for people who were not a part of the organization to circulate and edit information about the organization after it had been first published by the employees. Policies contained elements related to the two main types of association discussed by Treem and Leonardi's (2012) - association between people and association between people and information. As the quotes below illustrate, a number of policies explicitly put editability in opposition to visibility and persistence: Know that the Internet is permanent. In addition, we identified a third type of associationthat between employees and organization. As people use a wiki, they can jointly build new knowledge, consolidate their experiences, and innovate (Mejova, Schepper, Bergman, & Lu, 2011; Ransbotham & Kane, 2011). Policies enacted early in our observation period (from 2005 to 2009) usually invoked existing rules and regulations that were not specific to social media and came from broad general areas of organizational activity, such as human resources, communication, and public relations: The social media policy closely follows the Gibraltar Ethics Policy outlined in the official employee handbook (Gibraltar). Remember that the Internet is not anonymous, nor does it forget [Bakers Daniel], Misrepresentation & disclosure of information. Anything you post that can potentially tarnish the Company's image will ultimately be your responsibility. You should have good content. Wilson, J. H., Guinan, P. J., Parise, S., & Weinberg, B. D. (, Zammuto, R. F., Griffith, T. L., Majchrzak, A., Dougherty, D. J., & Faraj, S. (. In what follows, we first introduce an affordance perspective on social media and present four key affordances of social media in organizations. Facebook and Twitter aren't social software systems, they are systems that afford certain social behavior. By combining affordance theory and public relations theory, they identified that social media afforded eight action potentials for external communication: presentability, self-expression, monitorability, reach, engagement, connectivity, recordability, and availability. e-mail, videoconferencing). Seller strategies used to build and develop relationships with clients were analyzed based on data collected from a large multinational corporation. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Social media affordances: Enabling customer engagement - ScienceDirect Annals of Tourism Research Volume 48, September 2014, Pages 175-192 Social media affordances: Enabling customer engagement FrancescaCabiddua Manuela DeCarlob1 GabrielePiccolic2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.06.003 Get rights and content Cited by (0) 1 The second one relates people with information (Freyne, Berkovsky, Daly, & Geyer, 2010). 1. Bassellier, G., Reich, B. H., & Benbazat, I. For instance, a status update on a social networking website can be made visible to part or the whole of a member's network (DiMicco, Geyer, Millen, Dugan, & Brownholtz, 2009). We conclude by acknowledging limitations of this research and suggesting several promising avenues for future studies. For risks that fell outside of the scope of the existing guidelines, organizations sought to enlist managers and supervisors to deal with social media on a case-by-case basis. What Is Social Media? Ollier-Malaterre A., Rothbard N., Berg J. Policies enacted later in the observation period still referred to these generic organizational rules but they also brought up instructions and guidelines that addressed the specific affordances of social media in the workplace. Overall, this research yielded several theoretical contributions to the affordance perspective on social media and to our understanding of the organizational governance of social media. To address this risk, policies referred to the same governance mechanisms deployed to counter potential negative consequences of visibility and persistencethat is, taking great care to minimize the likelihood of inappropriate content being published in the first place (What To Post and What Not To Post guidelines). Strategic use of social media helps the agency foster positive relationships with key audiences such as customers, social service partners, taxpayers/voters, overseers, government peers and employees. (Hamilton County), If the hospital professionals want or need to start social networking (blogs, Facebook group, Twitter profile, etc.) This was seen in the prevalence of the Misrepresentation and Disclosure of Information as well as What Not To Post policy elements in the overall sample. Employee use of social media may thus have diverse impacts upon organizations, both internally (e.g. Thought-provoking, entertaining, funny, intense, informational, inspirational, deep whatever the style or the subject matter, good content is bound to touch and to reach out to the right audience. [British Telecom]. Therefore, employee use of social media does not require an allocated budget, training, or other traditional resources that organizations typically controlled via IT governance mechanisms (Sambamurthy & Zmud, 1999, 2000; Weill, 2004). 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