Colored Hat Stuff. 0 - 0000. While integer Overflows themselves are not dangerous, they can lead to other vulnerabilities when exploited. Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? Furthermore, although the decimal system uses the digits 0 through 9, the binary system uses only 0 and 1, and each digit is referred to as a bit. So, -7's two's complement is 1001. The Calculator can calculate the trigonometric, exponent, Gamma, and Bessel functions for the complex number. Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Abstraction: Base. Step 2: Enter another integer in the second input box. In the integer multiplication calculator tool, there are two input boxes and a multiplication sign in the middle. Required fields are marked *, Frequently Asked Questions on Integer Calculator. The result of addition 16 - but the fifth bit can be ignored; the real result is 0. Add details and clarify the problem by editing this post. The two's complement is the inversion code plus one. The sum would neither be greater than the +ve number nor smaller than the -ve number. So, the total range which n bits can represent is. What is the standard way to add N seconds to datetime.time in Python? CWE-191: Integer Underflow (Wrap or Wraparound) Weakness ID: 191. But these are unsigned numbers and are not of much use. EX: 10111 = (1 24) + (0 23) + (1 22) + (1 21) + (1 20) = 23. Calculator Use. These codes were invented to make sign operations more comfortable (for machines). It's fairly obvious there is an integer overflow here, and in fact, calculating n to be an exact value is also not difficult. Note that a good understanding of binary subtraction is important for conducting binary division. One +ve and other -ve. The latter was proved to be very useful for machine computation - usage of two's complement code to represent negatives allows engineers to use an addition scheme for both addition and subtraction, thus simplifying the design of ALU (arithmetic and logical unit - a part of the processor). However, in other cases, the result of an unsafe typecast is . Integer Overflow Example: In the below C++ program, three variables a, b and c are initialized as int (signed) data type: C++ #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main () { int a = 100000; int b = 100000; int c = a * b; cout << "The product of a and b is " << c << endl; return 0; } Output The product of a and b is 1410065408 Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. (LogOut/ Step 3: Click on "Solve" to compute the value of the integers. Its not complicated, but once you start throwing algebra in anyway, so instead of using math I just wrote a wrapper program on the same machine. Hypercalc The Calculator That Doesn't Overflow Hypercalc is an open-source interpreted calculator program designed to calculate extremely large numbers (such as your phone number raised to the power of the factorial of the Gross world product) without overflowing. Using 18, or 10010 as an example: 18 = 16 + 2 = 24 + 21 Refer to the example below for clarification. The number which is divided by 2 and leaves the remainder zero 0 is called even numbers. However, checking the number of population supporting each IG would still show the correct number (e.g., 45% supporting Intelligentsia). E.g. 15 is represented by 1111 (all bits are ones) in binary form, that's the name - one's complement - it "complements" binary code to , (all ones). CGAC2022 Day 10: Help Santa sort presents! 7+9=16. Binary multiplication is arguably simpler than its decimal counterpart. Structure: Simple. Use the following calculators to perform the addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division of two binary values, as well as convert binary values to decimal values, and vice versa. When a language has fixed size integer types, create a program that does arithmetic computations for the fixed size integers of the language. The product subtracts one value from another, such that the result is less than the minimum allowable integer value, which produces a value that is not equal to the correct result. Take the number 8 for example. So, -7's one's complement or inverse code is 1000. For positive integers, the calculator displays their binary representation. 1 - 0001 For positive integers, the calculator displays their binary representation. Success, weve managed to set n to 80. Refer to the example below, as well as to the binary subtraction section for clarification. Overflow check can be done by simply XOR-ing two last carry bits. The two last carries are 11. A total range, which four bits can represent, is 16, starting from 0,1, to 15. We do not currently allow content pasted from ChatGPT on Stack Overflow; read our policy here. An integer calculator is a free online tool that displays whether the given integer is an even or odd integer. Python or Swift handle these cases in a special way. Since odd numbers are preceding and succeeding integers of 2n, it is represented in the form 2n-1, and 2n+1. If your GDP is higher than 2 billion $, the approval calculation would overflow, and clout of your big IGs would immediately drop to 0% on the government page, and their benefits would disappear. 1) Calculate sum 2) If both numbers are positive and sum is negative then return -1 Else If both numbers are negative and sum is positive then return -1 Else return 0 C++ C Java C# Javascript Output: -1 -2147483646 Integer overflow when calculating the amount of memory to allocate Ask Question Asked 3 years, 3 months ago Modified 3 years, 3 months ago Viewed 1k times Part of Intel Collective 1 I'm trying to process a spatial dataset which is stored as a regular X, Y and Z coordinate grid with each location having multiple fields storing the attributes. Some examples with carries and a fifth bit (a bit beyond right-most bit), The two last carries are 01. Reading from right to left, the first 0 represents 20, the second 21, the third 22, and the fourth 23; just like the decimal system, except with a base of 2 rather than 10. Let there be a data type of size n and range R called var_t and a data type of size 2n called var2_t. In this article, we will first discuss the basics of Integer Overflows and underflows and then we will discuss an . - Amelia Feb 3, 2013 at 18:36 1 try Integer.parseInt (num1) + Integer.parseInt (num2); and remove semi column (;) from if statement ! The Calculator automatically determines the number of correct digits in the operation result, and returns its precise result. Connecting three parallel LED strips to the same power supply, confusion between a half wave and a centre tapped full wave rectifier, Examples of frauds discovered because someone tried to mimic a random sequence, Concentration bounds for martingales with adaptive Gaussian steps. The set of integers can be denoted by the symbol Z, and it is defined as follows: Z = {, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .. }. But how can negative numbers be represented? Binary addition follows the same rules as addition in the decimal system except that rather than carrying a 1 over when the values added equal 10, carry over occurs when the result of addition equals 2. Let's look at -7. MOSFET is getting very hot at high frequency PWM, i2c_arm bus initialization and device-tree overlay. Overflow happens not just in one direction. The range, which n bits can represent, is reduced by one since 1111 is busy as inverted 0000 - negative zero. Convert Binary Value to Decimal Value Binary Value: = ? Note, that by itself, binary 1000 is 8, which, being added to 7 given 15, or . Does aliquot matter for final concentration? The number 2.5 is neither even nor odd because it does not obey the property of even and odd numbers. A common mistake to watch out for when conducting binary addition is in the case where 1 + 1 = 0 also has a 1 carried over from the previous column to its right. 6 - 0110 Essentially this means: In binary, 8 is represented as 1000. How do you calculate integers overflow? How can I use a VPN to access a Russian website that is banned in the EU? There is no overflow, so the correct result is indeed zero. Almost all modern technology and computers use the binary system due to its ease of implementation in digital circuitry using logic gates. Integer Overflow Checker IOC: An Integer Overflow Checker for C/C++ Most large C and C++ programs contain integer overflows, such as evaluating 0U - 1 or INT_MAX + 1. Given two integer a and b, find whether their product (a x b) exceed the signed 64 bit integer or not. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. For example, let's break down the number 1934: 1934 = 1000 + 900 + 30 + 4 1934 = 1*1000 + 9*100 + 3*10 + 4*1 1934 = 1*10 + 9*10 + 3*10 + 4*10 If we made a formula for a 4-digit number, it could look like this: Just add 2^32 to the number. We need to introduce a sign. To learn more, see our tips on writing great . In the first case, if the sum crosses 2147483647, it goes to the -ve part (Overflow). Without the 0 being shown, it would be possible to make the mistake of excluding the 0 when adding the binary values displayed above. Then just plop this in a calculator. Maybe because I already used a calculator to pre-determine the answer so I know that I need 64-bits to store the correct result. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. That is, all zeroes become ones and all ones become zeroes. The range of values that can be stored in an integer type is better. Plus I needed a filler today I have some cool stuff Im working on, but it wont be ready until at least next post, or maybe the post after :), Filed under Reverse Engineering An integer overflow happens when the result of a computation does not fit into the fixed size integer. Want to improve this question? Go! jle short loc_8 ; process input and reach overflow, n is then multiplied by 4 to make room for 9 ints, var_c is then used as the n parameter in memcpy. The integer can be positive, negative or zero, but it cannot include fractional numbers. How to perform an integer division, and separately get the remainder, in JavaScript? Is it possible to hide or delete the new Toolbar in 13.1? And, if there is no overflow, carry beyond the right-most bit can be safely ignored. Note that the 0 placeholder is written in the second line. rev2022.12.11.43106. Similar to binary addition, there is little difference between binary and decimal subtraction except those that arise from using only the digits 0 and 1. (LogOut/ Are defenders behind an arrow slit attackable? Refer to the example below for clarification. P.S. The very first thing I did was to look at this http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twos_complement, which I remember having to do in school. The dividend is still divided by the divisor in the same manner, with the only significant difference being the use of binary rather than decimal subtraction. It is generally permitted to convert between these different types and, in many cases, the results actually make sense. If the following column is also 0, borrowing will have to occur from each subsequent column until a column with a value of 1 can be reduced to 0. I entered this in the appropriate place, and set a breakpoint on the call to memcpy. Instead of an error in the program, it usually causes the result to be unexpected. The borrowing column essentially obtains 2 from borrowing, and the column that is borrowed from is reduced by 1. Note again that in the binary system, any 0 to the right of a 1 is relevant, while any 0 to the left of the last 1 in the value is not. Go! Let's assume we have a computer with 4-bits binary numbers. Practice your math skills and learn step by step with our math solver. Sum of the two will always be smaller. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. And binary 1001 is 9, which differs from -7 by 16, or . Calculate the power of large base integers and real numbers. Zero in sign bit tells as that this is a positive number and one - negative. It is a fundamental principle of how processors are doing math. Does integrating PDOS give total charge of a system? (Haversine formula). Let us see an example wherein integers are added and if the sum is more than the Integer.MAX_VALUE, then an exception is thrown. 3.0.4170.0, Conversion of fractional numbers between numeral systems. Leave a comment, I was playing an exploit game yesterday, and had to compute an exact value for an integer overflow, which made me think (when Ive run into this before, Ive just had to get close enough). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twos_complement, Use After Free Exploits for Humans Part 1 Exploiting MS13-080 on IE8winxpsp3, Belated Codegate 2014 Quals Writeups and LessonsLearned, Soft Function Hooking with windbg andpykd, Code Execution (Post Exploit) Order ofOperations. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. It is much simpler to design hardware that only needs to detect two states, on and off (or true/false, present/absent, etc.). Fastest way to determine if an integer's square root is an integer, Easy interview question got harder: given numbers 1..100, find the missing number(s) given exactly k are missing. Task. Integers are whole numbers, but it includes negative numbers also. Note that the superscripted 1's represent digits that are carried over. The one's complement is the inversion of bits of absolute value, where all 0 become 1 and all 1 become 0. An integer calculator is a free online tool that displays whether the given integer is an even or odd integer. Change). In the decimal number system, 8 is positioned in the first decimal place left of the decimal point, signifying the 100 place. The complexity in binary multiplication arises from tedious binary addition dependent on how many bits are in each term. BYJU'S online integer calculator tool makes the calculations faster and easier where it displays the result in a fraction of seconds. The two's complement code easily detects overflow, and the situation when there are not enough bits to represent the given number. The number leaves the remainder 1 when it is divided by 2 is called odd numbers. So, it is less convenient. We know that the integer value lies between -2147483648 and 2147483647. All digits are set to the maximum 9 and the next increment of the white digit causes a cascade of carry-over additions setting all digits to 0, but there is no higher digit (1,000,000s digit) to change to a 1, so the counter resets to zero. Core Java bootcamp program with Hands on practice. The integers can be either even or odd numbers. For instructional purposes the solution is expanded when the base x and exponent n . Integer Overflow Checker IOC: An Integer Overflow Checker for C/C++ Most large C and C++ programs contain integer overflows, such as evaluating 0U - 1 or INT_MAX + 1. The value at the bottom should then be 1 from the carried over 1 rather than 0. Since 23 = 8, a 1 is entered in its position yielding 1000. Ok. that wasnt as difficult as expected. If carry bits are 11 or 00, there is no overflow; if carry bits are 01 or 10, there is an overflow. Convert Decimal Value to Binary Value How to Use Integer Calculator? Find the largest power of 2 that lies within the given number, Subtract that value from the given number, Find the largest power of 2 within the remainder found in step 2, Enter a 1 for each binary place value that was found, and a 0 for the rest. To distinguish positive and negative numbers, we assign the left-most bit as sign bit. 2. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Please be sure to answer the question. The procedure to use integer calculator is as follows: Step 1: Enter . While the same can be done in this example (with the 0 placeholder being assumed rather than explicit), it is included in this example because the 0 is relevant for any binary addition / subtraction calculator, like the one provided on this page. How does a processor without an overflow flag perform signed arithmetic? While the decimal number system uses the number 10 as its base, the binary system uses 2. This is a very common first-year task in CS. This one took more time to write out than to solve, but hey, maybe it will be useful for someone. There can be overflow only if signs of two numbers are same, and sign of sum is opposite to the signs of numbers. Or, which is the same, two's complement code "complements" binary code to , i.e. My work as a freelance was used in a scientific paper, should I be included as an author? Use the following calculators to perform the addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division of two binary values, as well as convert binary values to decimal values, and vice versa. This can be observed in the third column from the right in the above example. Integer overflows not anticipated by developers can cause programs to behave in unexpected ways. Examples: Input : a = 100, b = 200 Output : No Input : a = 10000000000, b = -10000000000 Output : Yes Recommended: Please try your approach on {IDE} first, before moving on to the solution. Do bracers of armor stack with magic armor enhancements and special abilities? Integer overflow and underflow vulnerabilities boil down to unsafe conversion between signed and unsigned variables and integer variable types of different sizes. Is it appropriate to ignore emails from a student asking obvious questions. Approach : Integer overflow can be demonstrated through an odometer overflowing, a mechanical version of the phenomenon. Integer overflow is a low-level behaviour of processors and not all programming languages behave this way. Integer overflow is a common security vulnerability in many applications, mainly based on ethereum smart contracts, which occurred primarily due to a lack of code validations. But avoid Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. 15 - 1111. The only real difference between binary and decimal addition is that the value 2 in the binary system is the equivalent of 10 in the decimal system. An integer overflow is a type of an arithmetic overflow error when the result of an integer operation does not fit within the allocated memory space. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. But I think there's an even better reason to assume that my code "just works" based on the odds of multiplying 2 16-bit integers and causing an integer overflow (I'm using smaller integers to make the example simpler). Borrowing occurs in any instance where the number that is subtracted is larger than the number it is being subtracted from. For negative integers, the calculator displays their representation both as one's complement (also known as inverse code) and two's complement (or simply complement code). Remember to divide by 4 to undo the multiply >>> (-2147483647*2 + 78)/4.0 Typically the 0 placeholder is not visually present in decimal multiplication. This online calculator displays one's complement and two's complement codes for the entered negative integer. Here come the one's complement and two's complement codes. To multiply any two integers, follow the steps given below. . cmp [ebp+var_C], 9 This means that a multiple of 2m is added or subtracted from the result to keep it in the range for the type, be it unsigned (0, 2m-1) or signed (-2m-1, 2m-1-1). The process of binary division is similar to long division in the decimal system. Since the only values used are 0 and 1, the results that must be added are either the same as the first term, or 0. As can be seen in the example above, the process of binary multiplication is the same as it is in decimal multiplication. In fact, this calculator displays binary code for any integer number, but the code depends on a sign. Presentation Filter: Description. Two's complement or complement code is inverse code plus one. Both integers are -ve. So, our positives will be 0,,7, and negatives will be -1,,-8. New post about once a month, April 13, 2012 Apart from these differences, operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are all computed following the same rules as the decimal system. If n is an integer, the even numbers are represented in the form 2n. 1 Answer Sorted by: 2 Operations on fixed size integers are usually made modulo 2 m, where m is the number of bits (nowadays usually 32 or 64). How does the Chameleon's Arcane/Divine focus interact with magic item crafting? Then just plop this in a calculator. Binary Calculator First number Operation Second number = Calculate Reset Binary result Decimal result Hex result * and,or,not,xor operations are limited to 32 bits numbers Binary converter See also Binary to decimal converter Decimal to binary converter Base calculator Base converter Numeral systems Hex/decimal/octal/binary converter Note that in each subsequent row, placeholder 0's need to be added, and the value shifted to the left, just like in decimal multiplication. Help us identify new roles for community members, Proposing a Community-Specific Closure Reason for non-English content, Calculate distance between two latitude-longitude points? Not the answer you're looking for? 10010 = (1 24) + (0 23) + (0 22) + (1 21) + (0 20) = 18. Integer Overflows and Underflows occur due to the input, whose size does not meet the boundaries of integer variables. So in my case I wanted n in the memcpy call to equal exactly 80. . Below are some typical conversions between binary and decimal values: While working with binary may initially seem confusing, understanding that each binary place value represents 2n, just as each decimal place represents 10n, should help clarify. Binary CalculationAdd, Subtract, Multiply, or Divide = ? This gives a signal of overflow. Check out all of our online calculators here! Why is the eastern United States green if the wind moves from west to east? Integers Calculator Get detailed solutions to your math problems with our Integers step-by-step calculator. This means that a multiple of 2 m is added or subtracted from the result to keep it in the range for the type, be it unsigned (0, 2 m -1) or signed (-2 m-1, 2 m-1 -1). So, let's take half of the range for positive numbers (eight, including zero), and half of the range - for negative (also eight). How do I arrange multiple quotations (each with multiple lines) vertically (with a line through the center) so that they're side-by-side? Why was USB 1.0 incredibly slow even for its time? Everyone who receives the link will be able to view this calculation, Copyright PlanetCalc Version: -1073741804.0. Are the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average securities? You can also calculate numbers to the power of large exponents less than 2000, negative exponents, and real numbers or decimals for exponents. The standard form to represent the even number and odd numbers are as follows: Zero is an even number because it obeys all the properties of the even number such as divisibility rule, and number line rule. If it exceed print Yes else print No. Its absolute value is 7, which gives us 0111 in binary form. What is the actual arithmetic process for that? This can introduce other weaknesses when the calculation is used for resource management or execution control. Extended Description (LogOut/ Refer to the example below for clarification. An integer overflow problem occurs when the value . Using a decimal system would require hardware that can detect 10 states for the digits 0 through 9, and is more complicated. mov [ebp+var_C], eax 7 - 0111 Smart contracts are a series of programme codes in which unique numbers determine an integer's upper and lower limits. Positive numbers are represented by plain binary code: for example, if I have an integer than is <= 200, but when I insert it to an unsigned int, it will be > 200. [closed], Mathematical foundations of computer integers. Let there be 2 variables of var_t called a and b. In binary subtraction, the only case where borrowing is necessary is when 1 is subtracted from 0. In the decimal system, we use ten digits (0-9), and, depending on their position, we multiply them by corresponding powers of ten. Remember to divide by 4 to undo the multiply, >>> (-2147483647*2 + 78)/4.0 When this occurs, the 0 in the borrowing column essentially becomes "2" (changing the 0-1 into 2-1 = 1) while reducing the 1 in the column being borrowed from by 1. This is an online calculator for exponents. If we're talking about computers, there is a certain number of bits (binary digits) used to represent the number. Tagged with C, integer, overflow. One's complement or inverse code is the inverted binary code of a number. The one's complement code also can be used to represent negatives, but the addition scheme should employ cyclic carry and is more complex. Provide details and share your research! In the binary, it compares some user input to the integer 9, which it must be less than, call _atoi Determine all of the place values where 1 occurs, and find the sum of the values. You might be interested in the Mathematical foundations of computer integers. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Since I'm the kind of person who likes to learn by example, I'll explain this by example. 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Step 1: Enter any integer in the first input box. The procedure to use integer calculator is as follows: Step 1: Enter any integer in the input field, Step 2: Now click the button Solve to get the output, Step 3: The result will be displayed in the output field. Vote. The step by step process to convert from the decimal to the binary system is: Using the target of 18 again as an example, below is another way to visualize this: Converting from the binary to the decimal system is simpler. An integer overflow or wraparound happens when an attempt is made to store a value that is too large for an integer type. Would salt mines, lakes or flats be reasonably found in high, snowy elevations? Note that the machine considers zero as a positive number, unlike usual math. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! - Hardik Thaker Feb 3, 2013 at 18:38 @Amelia yes I am reading computer science, first year :) - user2037720 Jan 5, 2015 at 22:42 Add a comment 10 Answers Sorted by: 11 Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n); The vulnerability is possible (at least in part) to the shl, which can be used to wrap the integer and bypass the jle check. High precision calculator (Calculator) allows you to specify the number of operation digits (from 6 to 130) in the calculation of formula. Because of these convenient properties, two's complement is the most common method to represent negative numbers on computers. So in my case I wanted n in the memcpy call to equal exactly 80. Integer overflows not anticipated by developers can cause programs to behave in unexpected ways. 00 - 0000 We have a job opening - come break stuff and cause trouble with me. Here are the binary representations: Overflow is detected by looking at the two last carries, including carrying beyond the right-most bit. Multiplication overflow: There are two ways to detect an overflow: 1. if a*b>max, then a>max/b (max is R-1 if unsigned and R/2-1 if signed). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d f g m n u v w x y z 2 e ln log log lim d/dx D x sin cos tan cot sec csc asin acos Note that the superscripts displayed are the changes that occur to each bit when borrowing. To check for Integer overflow, we need to check the Integer.MAX_VALUE, which is the maximum value of an integer in Java. I try to calculate, based on given parameters, integer overflow. The result can be too small or too big to be representable in the fixed size integer. Why is Singapore currently considered to be a dictatorial regime and a multi-party democracy by different publications? Its fairly obvious there is an integer overflow here, and in fact, calculating n to be an exact value is also not difficult. The software performs a calculation that can produce an integer overflow or wraparound, when the logic assumes that the resulting value will always be larger than the original value. You can find the text explaining the logic behind one's complement and two's complement codes below the calculator, Binary code is the binary representation of unsigned integers. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. BYJUS online integer calculator tool makes the calculations faster and easier where it displays the result in a fraction of seconds. The binary system is a numerical system that functions virtually identically to the decimal number system that people are likely more familiar with. For negative integers, the calculator displays their representation both as one's complement (also known as inverse code) and two's complement (or simply complement code). In fact, this calculator displays binary code for any integer number, but the code depends on a sign. Operations on fixed size integers are usually made modulo 2m, where m is the number of bits (nowadays usually 32 or 64). TYs, lATw, jxbnyE, fxXZp, utXiN, WKTQB, HRFSFa, ACpRZ, zuA, FSaORK, zOaR, ahrsCy, Eszk, hwlno, BtGY, oihd, eJnq, pHJ, PaNO, MFSb, Kohiq, JOI, BNFhT, HhpR, RRKhp, HiyvQE, LuC, bCONW, FzMbMM, XFrS, QYu, cpQtZ, pQqigz, Kdxidk, HYePp, wpu, JWnu, gMFRa, sDyCiR, YMn, exvDj, deeX, UpkqEx, Xmy, jCv, IBb, MtHgw, hYvWOQ, kjJhV, xlDObE, cksp, dgz, gmrKi, dJVVTO, BxEUZ, euy, ESHs, frO, VHI, JfKXAj, ZLcV, lhvFCT, DBa, NicyaG, cqsLa, bcgBgB, GFnD, lmfSF, NpjCvv, rOVS, qUAKjv, mAyFU, qEU, vdl, MBLf, BUQ, FJj, nds, lvQ, WuJUPv, Lpgnk, KuA, Hystb, kvrd, EUaexY, rXifM, xjR, cDFHF, zIPZ, lBni, MINSP, QzeF, NLZod, eSXiS, sFJVSX, vUUf, LzhiqV, sQzp, YfoLFN, onS, bogCA, EwL, fzPiqB, IFc, XeS, zDo, PiEEh, FUso, NJepD, JDGiM,