Ensuring you intake enough essential nutrients is important to avoid low levels like selenium deficiency. Combs GF, Jr and Gray WP. J Nutr 2010;140:317-24. [10] These diseases are most common in certain parts of China where the intake is low[13] because the soil is extremely deficient in selenium. Compared with patients treated with placebo, those treated with selenium but not pentoxifylline reported a higher quality of life. For optimal health, it's a good idea to choose the foods that contain the most nutrients. Mortality risk in selenium-deficient HIV-positive children. 3) Crohn's disease. (2016). Constant tiredness or fatigue. In calves, white muscle disease is a sure sign of selenium deficiency. [, Twagirumukiza M, Nkeramihigo E, Seminega B, Gasakure E, Boccara F, Barbaro G. Prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy in HIV-infected African patients not receiving HAART: a multicenter, observational, prospective, cohort study in Rwanda. In one investigation, 10 groups of selenium-replete subjects were randomly assigned to receive a placebo or either 200 or 600 mcg/day selenium as selenomethionine, sodium selenite, or high-selenium yeast (in which an estimated 75% of selenium was in the form of selenomethionine) for 16 weeks [14]. 4) multiple sclerosis. Soil in the Great Plains and the Southwest of the U.S. have been found to have mostly adequate selenium content. Selenium (Se) is a part of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which metabolizes hydroperoxides formed from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element in the body. Limits foods and beverages higher in added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium. Quick menu - Mobile (425) 688-5000; MyChart; Careers The main dietary sources of selenium are Brazil nuts, seafood, meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and whole-grain bread. [, Kupka R, Mugusi F, Aboud S, Hertzmark E, Spiegelman D, Fawzi WW. Abstract. [, Loef M, Schrauzer GN, Walach H. Selenium and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. The following groups are among those most likely to have inadequate intakes of selenium. Calcium deficiency at the cellular level is the main cause, although feeding a diet deficient or imbalanced in calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D 3 can also induce this problem. Here are the 9 best ones for every use, picked by dietitians. [, Rayman MP, Thompson AJ, Bekaert B, Catterick J, Galassini R, Hall E, et al. Glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and selenium status in HIV-positive and HIV-negative adolescents and young adults. Naturally, selenium deficiency can lead to lower levels of fertility. Based on the above evidence, it was concluded that selenium deficiency is the major cause of Keshan disease, although other etiological factors could not be ruled out. Symptoms of a thyroid problem include these signs and symptoms: 11 Hair loss All rights reserved. Scientists are studying selenium to understand how it affects health. The term selenoprotein refers to proteins that interact with selenium. Undergoing kidney dialysis and living with HIV can increase the risk for low selenium levels too. expresses, the risk of many diseases will increase, such as epilepsy, thyroid dysfunction, neurodegeneration, Keshan disease, arthropathies, cancer, and so on [ 4, 25-32]. Because of its effects on DNA repair, apoptosis, and the endocrine and immune systems as well as other mechanisms, including its antioxidant properties, selenium might play a role in the prevention of cancer [2,9,35,36]. However, research has estimated that up to 1 billion people around the world are affected by insufficient selenium intake. The role of these proteins can be broken down as: transport of selenium antioxidant/redox related enzymes thyroid enzymes The transport of selenium throughout the body and into cells is important, and it varies a bit due to genetic differences. Selenium Deficiency and Keshan Disease. Deficiency in this mineral is relatively rare, but is more likely to affect people with certain health conditions, those with impaired immunity, those who avoid selenium foods, and people living in certain parts of the world where the soil has a low mineral content. (2021). Several food sources of selenium are listed in Table 2. High risk of HIV-related mortality is associated with selenium deficiency. More research is needed to confirm the relationship between selenium concentrations and cancer risk and to determine whether selenium supplements can help prevent any form of cancer. Crossref . Selenium deciency is also associated with male infertility and might play a role in Kashin-Beck disease, a type of osteoarthritis that occurs in certain low-selenium areas of China, Tibet, and Siberia. (2007). Biol Trace Elem Res 1997;56:331-41. In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients (e.g., during specific life stages such as pregnancy).". Biol Trace Elem Res 123:3540 Essentially what selenium is doing is helping to regulate the immune system, which will decrease the damage caused to the tissues of the eyes. Selenium and human health. Selenium deficiency risk predicted to increase under future climate change. These primarily include the pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands. Signs of too much selenium include a garlic-like odor on your breath and a metallic taste in your mouth. -, Zhou H, Wang T, Li Q, Li D (2018) Prevention of Keshan disease by selenium supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Some of the selenium-rich food items are nuts, sardines, ham, pork, beef, turkey, chicken, fish, shellfish, and eggs. Epub 2017 Apr 12. A secondary analysis of the double-blind, randomized, controlled Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial in 1,312 U.S. adults with a history of basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas of the skin found that 200 mcg/day selenium as high-selenium bakers yeast for 6 years was associated with a 52% to 65% lower risk of prostate cancer [40]. Additional clinical trials are needed to better understand the contributions of selenium from food and dietary supplements to cardiovascular health. Atherosclerosis 2010;210:643-8. The epidemiological data on the role of selenium in cardiovascular disease have yielded conflicting conclusions. The results of Masson staining showed fibrosis around the renal tubules, and the results of immunohistochemistry showed that the area of positive fibronectin expression increased. It acts in combination with vitamin E to maintain the integrity of the cell membranes, participating in redox reactions with hydrogen peroxide-producing glutathione. Selenium deficiency is also associated with male infertility and might play a role in Kashin-Beck disease, a type of osteoarthritis that occurs in certain low-selenium areas of China, Tibet, and Siberia [1,2,5,6,8,22]. Vegan, gluten-free, and low-protein diets provide suboptimal amounts of selenium. [, Vernie LN, de Goeij JJ, Zegers C, de Vries M, Baldew GS, McVie JG. The information in our articles is NOT intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice. Your body requires many minerals to function properly. Getting selenium from foods is the safest way to prevent low levels because high intakes via supplements can possibly cause side effects. Biol Trace Elem Res 2003;91:1-10. Although intakes in New Zealand were low in the past, they rose after the country increased its importation of high-selenium wheat [9]. In: Bowman B, Russell R, eds. Because selenium is important for brain health, deprivation can lead to cognitive decline, potentially Alzheimers disease, and depressed moods and more hostile behavior. 2008;99(6):643-653. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy dietary pattern as one that: This fact sheet by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. Trace elements in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Weak muscles. . According to an article published in Essentials of Medical Geology, of all essential elements, selenium has one of the narrowest ranges between dietary deficiency and toxic levels. Selenium deficiency is associated with cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure in geographic areas where dietary selenium intake is low.80 This has been named as the Keshan disease, due to the geographical prevalence of a specific form of DCM in northeast China, in which the soil has a low selenium content. Iron deficiency makes the body more susceptible to lead poisoning. Hemodialysis removes some selenium from the blood [24]. The thyroid, part of the endocrine system, is the organ with the highest concentration of selenium per weight of organ tissue. Although selenium deficiency is rare, its important to make sure youre getting enough of it and absorbing it properly. Se and Zn deficiency might lead to inflammation, oxidative stress, and viral entry into the cells by decreasing ACE-2 expression; three factors that are proposed to be involved in COVID-19 pathogenesis. BJU Int 2003;91:608-12. Dennert G, et al. Helps immune system A lack of selenium is linked to ongoing inflammation and immune system problems. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of selenium supplements among HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania: effects on maternal and child outcomes. Eur J Cancer 2006;42:2463-71. Selenium. Some potential factors that may lead me to suspect an iodine deficiency include: eating a diet low in seafood, . Would you like email updates of new search results? What are the main symptoms of a selenium deficiency? Renal fibrosis is the final result of the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The regulation effect of WNT-RAS signaling in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus on renal fibrosis. Few studies have compared the relative absorption and bioavailability of different forms of selenium. History of changes to this fact sheet, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements, My Dietary Supplement and Medicine Record, Analytical Methods and Reference Materials (AMRM), NIH Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program, Computer Access to Research on Dietary Supplements (CARDS) Database, Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID), ODS Funding of Grants & Administrative Supplements: FAQ, Administrative Supplements for Validation Studies of Analytical Methods, Staff Bios, Publications, and Presentations, Federal Working Group on Dietary Supplements, NIH Dietary Supplement Research Coordinating Committee. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Br J Nutr 2008;100:254-68. Selenium deficiency mainly affects the normal physiological state of bone and cartilage through oxidative stress reaction and immune reaction. Early indicators of excess intake are a garlic odor in the breath and a metallic taste in the mouth. headache. Selenium deficiency and iodine deficiency are also considered common in people affected byKeshan disease, a cardiovascular disease, andKashin-Beck disease, a chronic bone, joint and cartilage disorder that is most prevalent in parts of Asia. The amount of selenium in drinking water is not nutritionally significant in most geographic regions [2,6]. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:256-61. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1567-75. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:148-54. Fish: salmon, tuna, halibut and cod. In the UK it is 75g/day for adult males and 60g/day for adult females. Brazil nuts (it only takes one or two per day due to their high selenium content) Eggs. [, Laclaustra M, Stranges S, Navas-Acien A, Ordovas JM, Guallar E. Serum selenium and serum lipids in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;28:689-703. By not meeting your body's selenium demands, you run the risk of developing a sluggish thyroid, leading to hypothyroidism or goiter. You can see then why low selenium intake can be problematic. In the United States, 18% to 19% of adults and children use a dietary supplement containing selenium [16]. . According to research, populations in the U.S. living in the Northwest, Northeast, Southeast and areas of the Midwest likely have the lowest selenium levels due to the soil in those areas. Epidemiology 2007;18:52-8. 2022 Jul 11;10:912562. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.912562. JAMA 2011;306:1549-1556. [5], It can occur in patients with severely compromised intestinal function, those undergoing total parenteral nutrition, those who have had gastrointestinal bypass surgery, and also in persons of advanced age (i.e., over 90). The extensive transport of food typically allows people living in low-selenium areas to obtain sufficient amounts of selenium [6]. . 81472929/National Natural Science Foundation of China, NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program, Schwarz K, Foltz CM (1999) Selenium as an integral part of factor 3 against dietary necrotic liver degeneration. The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). The site is secure. Unfortunately, healthcare workers do not usually measure selenium levels in the body. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. [, Kafai MR, Ganji V. Sex, age, geographical location, smoking, and alcohol consumption influence serum selenium concentrations in the USA: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. As discussed earlier, Brazil nuts contain very high amounts of selenium (6891 mcg per nut) and could cause selenium toxicity if consumed regularly. In 2008, for example, 201 people experienced severe adverse reactions from taking a liquid dietary supplement containing 200 times the labeled amount [66]. Dennert G, Zwahlen M, Brinkman M, Vinceti M, Zeegers MP, Horneber M. Selenium for preventing cancer. Fortified Food Items: Several agricultural lands across the globe are poor in micronutrients which produces nutrient deficient food items. Vegetarians and vegans should therefore eat plant-based foods that have been shown to contain a lot of selenium on a regular basis. World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Updated: HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Skeletal muscle groups commonly affected include those of the upper fore and hind limbs, and affected animals walk with a stiff . Selenium supplements usually come in the form of either selenomethionine or selenite. This is because there isnt a widely available test for it. Apple Cider Vinegar Dosage: How Much Should You Drink per Day. and transmitted securely. Since a selenium deficiency can lead to . A selenium deficiency automatically leads to a redistribution of the selenium stores. Neonate ruminants at risk of WMD may be administered both Se and vitamin E by injection; some of the WMD myopathies respond only to Se, some only to vitamin E, and some to either. Here are the 11 most nutrient-dense foods on earth. Furthermore, formulated livestock feeds generally contain the same levels of selenium. Jones GD, et al. On the other hand, selenium deficiency can lead to: male infertility; a type of heart disease called Keshan disease; a type of arthritis called Kashin-Beck disease; Cochrane Database Syst Rev. According to a 2017 article published in the journal PNAS, insufficient selenium intake has been estimated to affect up to 1 billion people worldwide. Selenium deficiency risk is also predicted to increase under future climate change. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:1802-8. The authors of a Cochrane review concluded, based on nine randomized clinical trials, that selenium might help prevent gastrointestinal cancers but noted that these results need to be confirmed in more appropriately designed randomized clinical trials [39]. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Selenium (Se) intake disequilibrium is associated with many human diseases (e.g., Keshan disease and type 2 diabetes). Taking more than 900 mcg per day can be toxic, however getting this amount from foods alone is extremely unlikely. Learn how mineral deficiency occurs and how its treated. Men have slightly higher serum selenium levels than women, and whites have higher levels than African Americans [17-19]. Both forms can be good dietary sources of selenium [3]. The supplements lowered levels of total plasma cholesterol and nonhigh-density-lipoprotein (HDL) plasma cholesterol (total cholesterol levels minus HDL levels) compared with the placebo group, whereas the 300 mcg/day dose significantly increased HDL levels. The major food sources of selenium in the American diet are breads, grains, meat, poultry, fish, and eggs [7]. A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. [, Gao S, Jin Y, Hall KS, Liang C, Unverzagt FW, Ji R, et al. When foods high in selenium arent an option, selenium supplements can also help. [5] In Finland, selenium salts are added to chemical fertilizers, as a way to increase selenium in soils. Take care not to exceed the tolerable intake level of 400 mcg of selenium. The little that is available is now preferentially built into those tissues and organs that serve to maintain important bodily functions. 2020 Mar;40(2):126-137. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2020.01.004. Selenium deficiency symptoms can include: hair loss, reproductive issues, muscle weakness, fatigue, brain fog and thyroid dysfunction. According to a 2011 study, people with mild TED who took selenium supplements had reduced symptoms compared with those who took a placebo (inactive pill). Selenium is a trace mineral found naturally in the soil, in certainhigh-selenium foods, and even in small amounts in water. J Nutr 2011;141:261-6. Adequate selenium is especially important for some groups, such as people who: Selenium deficiency can be hard for doctors to diagnose. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:892-9. Studies in Jiangsu Province of China have indicated a reduction in the prevalence of these diseases by taking selenium supplements. Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA. -. Gynecol Oncol 2004;93:320-7. In: Coates PM, Betz JM, Blackman MR, et al., eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. It contributes to reproductive health, [1] thyroid health, [2] and helps reduce DNA damage due to its antioxidant nature in certain forms. Recent research suggests that worldwide, up to one in seven people is dealing with selenium deficiency. Other sources include muscle meats, cereals and other grains, and dairy products. Generally, selenium acts as an antioxidant that works with vitamin E. Some epidemiologic studies associate low selenium levels with cancer. Selenium is reported to counteract the development of virulence and inhibit HIV progression to AIDS Infection with the Ebola virus is associated with hemorhagic symptoms. [, MacFarquhar JK, Broussard DL, Melstrom P, Hutchinson R, Wolkin A, Martin C, et al. Selenium deficiency leads in animal and man to rare diseases, which are unknown in Switzerland. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4726178/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6315874/, cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005195.pub2/full, pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1611576114, tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408398.2, ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional, movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mds.23218, academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/85/1/173/4649263, tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03014460.2020.1836253, 10 Signs and Symptoms of Iodine Deficiency, The 11 Most Nutrient-Dense Foods on the Planet, How to Identify and Treat a Vitamin E Deficiency, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, How Cooking Affects the Nutrient Content of Foods, The 9 Best Magnesium Supplements, According to Dietitians, 9 Science-Backed Benefits of Cod Liver Oil. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects. Here are 10 signs and symptoms of. selenium deficiency has been shown to exacerbate the cardiomyopathic effects of chagas' disease 10 and to produce the equivalent of white muscle disease in patients with anorexia nervosa. This article explains how various cooking methods affect the. Int J Cancer 2010;127:1875-81. Selenium supplementation and cancer prevention. Curr HIV Res 2007;5:129-37. [3] The primary symptom of Keshan disease is myocardial necrosis, leading to weakening of the heart. Se deficiency could lead to growth retardation and albinism (Masumoto et al., 2007). Epub 2021 Apr 24. The authors of a systematic review that included nine placebo-controlled studies concluded that the available clinical evidence is insufficient to determine whether selenium supplements can prevent Alzheimers disease [55]. Selenium Deficiency When selenium deficiency occurs, it often results in biochemical dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD005195. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD007752. Selenium is readily available in many foods. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997;15:370-4. Epub 2019 Aug 7. [, Jirong Y, Huiyun P, Zhongzhe Y, Birong D, Weimin L, Ming Y, et al. Selenium is a trace mineral found naturally in the soil and also in certain foods and water. Eating foods high in selenium helps in the treatment of selenium deficiency. For example, certain studies show concern that parts of Eastern Europe and Africa have soil low in selenium levels, so populations living in those areas may be suffering from compromised immunity because of this. What happens when you have a selenium deficiency? However, supplementation with any of these forms only affected plasma selenium levels and not glutathione peroxidase activity or selenoprotein P concentration, confirming that study participants were selenium replete before they began taking selenium supplements. Rainfall, evaporation, and pH levels all affect selenium concentration in soil. [21], In areas where selenium deficiency in livestock is a concern, selenium (as selenite) may be supplemented in feed. Selenium (Se) is a trace mineral that supports your body in many ways. Derumeaux H, Valeix P, Castetbon K, Bensimon M, Boutron-Ruault MC, Arnaud J, Hercberg S. Association of selenium with thyroid volume and echostructure in 35- to 60-year-old French adults. Wnt/-Catenin in Acute Kidney Injury and Progression to Chronic Kidney Disease. Selenomethionine tends to be easier for your body to absorb, so it may be a better option for more severe deficiency cases. Selenium is present in plant food in organic form as selenomethionine, which has a very high bioavailability according to studies. Several clinical trials have examined whether selenium supplementation reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. Magnesium supplements can help treat muscle cramps, sleep issues, migraine, and more. Here are several ways you can help prevent and treat selenium deficiency: What foods are high in selenium? A possible protective effect of selenium against human malignancy was first suggested in 1969, after the observation of a decreased cancer incidence in populations within the United States with a higher selenium intake. *Breast milk, formula, and food should be the only sources of selenium for infants. Acute selenium toxicity can cause severe gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms, acute respiratory distress syndrome, myocardial infarction, hair loss, muscle tenderness, tremors, lightheadedness, facial flushing, kidney failure, cardiac failure, and, in rare cases, death [2,6]. Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:955-65. Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Some research also shows that selenium deficiency diseases are linked with vitamin E deficiency, which means obtaining both of these nutrients from a healthy diet may defend against symptoms. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:694-9. Most selenium is in the form of selenomethionine in animal and human tissues, where it can be incorporated nonspecifically with the amino acid methionine in body proteins. Selenium-rich foods include: The National Institutes of Health recommends that people over age 14 years try to get 55 micrograms (mcg) of selenium per day. For example, it may make the individual more prone to infections. Eur J Endocrinol 2003;148(3):309-15. The most common selenium deficiency symptoms include: Having low selenium status is also correlated with an increased risk of some health problems including: mortality due to inflammation, infertility, poor immune function, cognitive decline, and potentially certain types of cardiovascular diseases and cancers. However, some people are obtaining or absorbing less due to their diets and gastrointestinal health. Professor Urban Alehagen, lead researcher on the KiSel-10 Study, recognized early on that senior citizens with low serum selenium status might be at risk of increased cardiovascular mortality. The federal government's 20202025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. Some observational studies have found an inverse association between serum selenium concentrations and risk of hypertension or coronary heart disease. Environ Res 2011;111:514-9. One review found that intake and status is suboptimal in European and Middle Eastern countries, especially Eastern European nations. An official website of the United States government. Kashin-Beck disease is characterized by changes in the joints and reduced bone growth. In two large studies, participants with lower plasma selenium levels at baseline were more likely to experience cognitive decline over time, although whether the participants in these studies were selenium deficient is not clear [53,56,57]. [, Flores-Mateo G, Navas-Acien A, Pastor-Barriuso R, Guallar E. Selenium and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. In fact, the disease was named after. Analyses of hair or nail selenium content can be used to monitor longer-term intakes over months or years. Selenium deficiency produces biochemical changes that might predispose people who experience additional stresses to develop certain illnesses [6]. Plasma selenium over time and cognitive decline in the elderly. Serum selenium concentrations decline with age. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD009671. Sunde RA. We avoid using tertiary references. If you think you may have a selenium deficiency, work with a qualified healthcare professional to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms. [, Xun P, Bujnowski D, Liu K, Morris JS, Guo Z, He K. Distribution of toenail selenium levels in young adult Caucasians and African Americans in the United States: the CARDIA Trace Element Study. 2008 Feb;87(2):379-84. Many of the symptoms are therefore the same as those of an underactive thyroid:10,11 hair loss or changes to hair and nails fatigue brain fog , difficulty concentrating or memory problems The U.S. Department of Agricultures (USDAs) FoodData Central [10] lists the nutrient content of many foods and provides a comprehensive list of foods containing selenium arranged by nutrient content and by food name. For example, selenium deficiency in combination with a second stress (possibly a viral infection) leads to Keshan disease, a cardiomyopathy that occurred in parts of China prior to a government-sponsored selenium supplementation program that began in the 1970s [2,5,8,21]. That same review predicts that the effects of climate change will gradually decrease soil selenium concentrations in many parts of the world, including the Southwestern United States. HIV Clin Trials 2002;3:483-91. Selenium: Fact sheet for health professionals. Careers. [, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Roddam AW, Tjonneland A, Johnsen NF, Overvad K, et al. Its necessary for many processes, such as: The amount of selenium in food sources is largely determined by the quality of the soil used to grow them. In addition, you have levels of the enzyme called glutathione peroxidase tested, since this is needed to maintain normal selenium levels. Average selenium intakes are also low in some European countries, especially among populations consuming vegan diets [5,9,23]. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. For infants from birth to 12 months, the FNB established an AI for selenium that is equivalent to the mean intake of selenium in healthy, breastfed infants. However, people in some other countries whose diet consists primarily of vegetables grown in low-selenium areas are at risk of deficiency [6]. [citation needed], For some time now, it has been reported in medical literature that a pattern of side-effects possibly associated with cholesterol-lowering drugs (e.g., statins) may resemble the pathology of selenium deficiency. Selenium deficiency, in combination with an infection, can lead to Keshan disease, which is a form of heart disease that occurs in parts of China. This makes selenium deficiency more common in certain parts of the world. . In some regions (e.g. 1-3 Lancet 2012;379:1256-68. Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Hemmelgarn B, Klarenbach S, Field C, Manns B, et al. Atherosclerosis 2010;210:662-7. Mov Disord 2010;25:1909-15. Cardoso BR, et al. Selenium deciency could exacerbate iodine deciency, potentially increasing the risk of goiter and related developmental retardation in . Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. It is now a well-known fact that selenium deficiency can lead to a number of disease conditions, including cancer. Perhaps surprisingly, how you choose to cook your food can affect its nutrient content. Other signs and symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, skin rashes, mottled teeth, fatigue, irritability, and nervous system abnormalities. 1) diarrhea. 2) liver necrosis. Randomized controlled trials of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention have yielded conflicting results. Xie C, Zeng M, Shi Z, Li S, Jiang K, Zhao Y. Nutrients. BMC Med 2009;7:25. In a Cochrane review of selenium and cancer prevention studies, compared with the lowest category of selenium intake, the highest intake category had a 31% lower cancer risk and 45% lower cancer mortality risk as well as a 33% lower risk of bladder cancer and, in men, 22% lower risk of prostate cancer [37]. Selenium deficiency has been shown to directly impair thyroid hormone production from the thyroid gland and it may reduce the peripheral conversion of T4 thyroid hormone into the active T3 thyroid hormone (9). Adv Clin Chem 68:131151 Selenium occurs in all tissues. As indicated in this study, the glutathione (GSH) content in the Se-deficient group displayed an obvious decline compared with that in the control group, whereas the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was obviously elevated. Generally, selenium acts as an antioxidant that works with vitamin E. Some epidemiologic studies associate low selenium levels with cancer. Acute selenium toxicity has resulted from the ingestion of misformulated over-the-counter products containing very large amounts of selenium [2,5]. [, Burk RF, Norsworthy BK, Hill KE, Motley AK, Byrne DW. springer Iodine supplementation in selenium - deficient populations is, in theory, problematic, partly for this reason. Thus, this article mainly aimed to investigate the effect of Se deficiency on renal fibrosis and the Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway. [3] Nuts, seeds, beans, and some vegetables are rich in selenium, but you can also take this essential micronutrient supplementally when . (Image credit: Getty Images) . Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, et al. Intestinal diseases caused by chronic inflammation are among the most important threats to human health, and there is no complete cure at present. A selenium deficiency halts the activation of the iodine-containing thyroid hormone. The most common ones are: In addition to living in an area with soil low in selenium, the following things can also increase your risk of selenium deficiency, regardless of where you live: Each of these things can affect your bodys absorption of selenium, even if youre getting enough selenium through your diet. Selenium deficiency also contributes (along with iodine deficiency) to Kashin-Beck disease. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1920-31. Taking conception supplements can help to provide your body with the essential nutrients needed to get pregnant. [, Baum MK, Shor-Posner G, Lai S, Zhang G, Lai H, Fletcher MA, Sauberlich H, Page JB. [, Duffield-Lillico AJ, Dalkin BL, Reid ME, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Jacobs ET, et al. 10th ed. Observational studies have found an association between lower selenium concentrations in people with HIV and an increased risk of cardiomyopathy, death, and, in pregnant women, HIV transmission to offspring and early death of offspring [26-30]. An analysis of NHANES data on 4,809 elderly people in the United States found no association between serum selenium levels (which ranged from lower than 11.3 to higher than 13.5 mcg/dL) and memory test scores [58]. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine [22], "Dietary selenium and selenoprotein function", "SeleniumFascinating Microelement, Properties and Sources in Food", "KashinBeck Osteoarthropathy in Rural Tibet in Relation to Selenium and Iodine Status", "Effect of micronutrient status on natural killer cell immune function in healthy free-living subjects aged 90 y", "Selenium stimulates the antitumour immunity: Insights to future research", "From Selenium to Selenoproteins: Synthesis, Identity, and Their Role in Human Health", "Effectiveness of selenium supplements in a low-selenium area of China", "The metabolism and toxicity of cyanides and cyanogenic glycosides in sheep", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selenium_deficiency&oldid=1077953014, This page was last edited on 19 March 2022, at 03:02. The researchers go on to say that Selenium deficiency can cause thyroid diseases and can lead to unregulated inflammatory damage Regarding gluten sensitivity - the target organs are not limited to the gut, but include thyroid, liver, skin and reproductive and nervous systems Regarding selenium deficiency - . 2022 Jun 28;14(13):2695. doi: 10.3390/nu14132695. Furthermore, the Wnt pathway is critical for the development of tissue and organ fibrosis. The limited clinical-trial evidence to date does not support the use of selenium supplements for preventing heart disease, particularly in healthy people who already obtain sufficient selenium from food. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds. Accessibility Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Children with selenium deficiency can develop Kashin-Beck disease, which causes slow and progressive degeneration of the bones and joints. Selenium intakes and serum concentrations in the United States and Canada vary somewhat by region because of differences in the amounts of selenium in soil and in local foods consumed [6,20]. Includes a variety of protein foods such as lean meats; poultry; eggs; seafood; beans, peas, and lentils; nuts and seeds; and soy products. [14] Dietary supplements may utilize sodium selenite, L-selenomethionine or selenium-enriched yeast. The data from the KiSel-10 Study show that daily supplementation with a combination of selenium and Coenzyme . [15] However, somewhat higher Se intake may be required for avoidance of WMD where certain legumes are consumed. Selenium is needed for selenocysteine synthesis and is essential for the production of selenoproteins, as well as enzymes and catalysts that are required for the activation of thyroid hormone and antioxidants, such as glutathione peroxidase. Therefore, do not exceed recommendations by supplementing with very high doses without consulting with a physician first. Concentrations in blood and urine reflect recent selenium intake. Pharmacol Ther 1998; 79:179-92. Oxidative stress; Renal fibrosis; Se deficiency; Selenoprotein; Wnt/-catenin. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;164:585-90. FDA does not require food labels to list selenium content unless selenium has been added to the food. Indeed, selenium dyshomeostasis, as opposed to an overall deficiency or over-consumption, has been proposed as a major contributor to human disease pathology, particularly neurodegeneration [373,374,375]. It helps protect cells against damage by free radicals, which are reactive by-products of normal cell activity. Earlier studies confirmed that selenium (Se) displays a close association with kidney diseases. Nutr Rev 2010;68:671-81. Thus, selenium deficiency is also involved in the pathogenesis of HT. However, people living in certain locations and those with existing health conditions such as HIV, Crohns disease and other disorders that impair nutrient absorption are at greater risk of having low selenium levels. Serum selenium levels in the US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Its believed that the accuracy of hair tests is not very consistent, since the mineral is stored differently throughout different organs and systems. Selenium can help to increase immunity, takes part inantioxidantactivity that defends against free radical damage and inflammation, and plays a key role in maintaining a healthy metabolism. Selenium is a trace element that is naturally present in many foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Selenium is a powerful antioxidant which reduces oxidative stress and can modulate the immune system. Coconuts: Top 5 Coconut Benefits + How to Eat, mood-related issues including depressed mood, anxiety and hostile behaviors, susceptibility due to illnesses due to a weakened immune system, Adults and children 14 and up: 55 micrograms/day. Deficiency, although relatively rare in healthy well-nourished individuals,[1] can have significant negative results,[2] affecting the health of the heart and the nervous system; contributing to depression, anxiety, and dementia; and interfering with reproduction and gestation. Lai H, Nie T, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Tao J, Lin T, Ge T, Li F, Li H. Biol Trace Elem Res. A cross-sectional study of blood selenium concentration and cognitive function in elderly Americans: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 20112014. Dig Dis 21: 266-270, 2003. 11th ed. Keep in mind that a blood test will only show you the amount of selenium youve acquiredrecently. [, Kupka R, Garland M, Msamanga G, Spiegelman D, Hunter D, Fawzi W. Selenium status, pregnancy outcomes, and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Washington, DC: International Life Sciences Institute; 2006:480-97, Terry EN, Diamond AM. With strict editorial sourcing guidelines, we only link to academic research institutions, reputable media sites and, when research is available, medically peer-reviewed studies. Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in Human Nutrition, Qualified Health Claims: Letters of Enforcement Discretion, Tuna, yellowfin, cooked, dry heat, 3 ounces, Sardines, canned in oil, drained solids with bone, 3 ounces, Beef steak, bottom round, roasted, 3 ounces, Baked beans, canned, plain or vegetarian, 1 cup, Oatmeal, regular and quick, unenriched, cooked with water, 1 cup. Extract of Corallodiscus flabellata attenuates renal fibrosis in SAMP8 mice via the Wnt/-catenin/RAS signaling pathway. Plasma selenium is positively related to performance in neurological tasks assessing coordination and motor speed. Some small studies have shown that selenium supplementation can reduce cisplatins toxicity [69] but the authors of a Cochrane review concluded that the evidence that selenium supplementation alleviates the side effects of chemotherapy is insufficient [70]. Who is at risk for selenium deficiency? False, Selenium deficiency leads to decreased antioxidant selenoenzymes, the resulting increased oxidative stress prevents the coxsackie virus from mutating and become more virulent and causing the heart pathology typically seen in Keshan disease U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The DV for selenium is 55 mcg for adults and children aged 4 years and older [13]. Role of selenium in HIV infection. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! much of the northeastern and northwestern US and adjacent Canada, and the southeastern US), selenium deficiency in some animal species is common unless supplementation is carried out. [. According to studies, consuming enough naturally occurring selenium has positive antiviral effects, is essential for successful fertility and reproduction, and also reduces the risk of cancer, autoimmune andthyroid diseases. Injectable selenium-containing polymeric hydrogel formulation for effective treatment of myocardial infarction. Among human diseases related to selenium deciency, Yan X, et al. An iodine deficiency can cause uncomfortable and even severe symptoms, which often resemble those of hypothyroidism. 2022 Jul 31;23(15):8492. doi: 10.3390/ijms23158492. An additional 1.5 years of follow-up data on participants after they stopped taking the study supplements confirmed the lack of a significant association between selenium supplementation and prostate cancer risk [42]. Thomson CD, Chisholm A, McLachlan SK, Campbell JM. To find out your current selenium levels, you can have a blood or hair test done by your doctor. [, Marcocci C, Kahaly GJ, Krassas GE, Bartalena L, Prummel M, Stahl M, et al. Selenium deficiency is rare, but it can get serious if it goes unchecked. Join the ODS Email List. Certain groups of people are more likely to be deficient in selenium, due to factors like the soil quality where they live, their medical history, genetics and how well they absorb selenium. Randomized, controlled trials of selenium supplementation in patients with thyroid disease have had varied results. Marginal or deficient selenium concentrations might be associated with age-related declines in brain function, possibly due to decreases in seleniums antioxidant activity [53,54]. In this study, we fed 1-day-old Hyline male chickens with Se deficient diets (the Impact of a selenium chemoprevention clinical trial on hospital admissions of HIV-infected participants. These populations average consuming 60 to 90 micrograms per day, which is still considered to be adequate intake but less than other populations where the soil is more selenium-rich. Unless you have an underlying health condition, developing a vitamin E deficiency in a developed country is rare. [, Bleys J, Navas-Acien A, Guallar E. Serum selenium levels and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality among US adults. The dyshomeostasis hypothesis helps reconcile previous conflicting reports on the correlations between selenium status and disease severity . Rasmussen LB, Schomburg L, Kohrle J, Pedersen IB, Hollenbach B, Hog A, et al. Compared with the control group, the TRNAU1AP-shRNA group showed markedly reduced cell proliferation and migration abilities. Selenium is also a part of the enzymes that deiodinate thyroid hormones. PMC However, seleniums independent contribution to the observed effects in this study cannot be determined. [, Stranges S, Marshall JR, Trevisan M, Natarajan R, Donahue RP, Combs GF, et al. (2000). Mol Med Rep. 2017 Jun;15(6):3575-3582. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6461. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR, eds. [, Hurwitz BE, Klaus JR, Llabre MM, Gonzalez A, Lawrence PJ, Maher KJ, et al. It may be entirely possible that the symptoms of selenium deficiency may actually be mediated through their effects on your thyroid. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. The results of observational studies are mixed [55]. A meta-analysis of 20 epidemiologic studies showed a potential inverse association between toenail, serum, and plasma selenium levels and prostate cancer risk [38]. Selenium. eCollection 2022. French adults' cognitive performance after daily supplementation with antioxidant vitamins and minerals at nutritional doses: a post hoc analysis of the Supplementation in Vitamins and Mineral Antioxidants (SU.VI.MAX) trial. It helps the body thanks in large part to its role acting as an antioxidant. Selenium is found in vitamin supplements including many multivitamins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:1263-8. This is an enzyme that requires selenium to function. 2022 Feb 28;22(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s12906-022-03535-y. Here are the top 6 selenium rich foods for your thyroid: Meats: lamb, chicken and turkey. [, Berr C, Balansard B, Arnaud J, Roussel AM, Alprovitch A. Cognitive decline is associated with systemic oxidative stress: the EVA study. [, Niskar AS, Paschal DC, Kieszak SM, Flegal KM, Bowman B, Gunter EW, et al. Both selenocysteine and selenite are reduced to generate hydrogen selenide, which in turn is converted to selenophosphate for selenoprotein biosynthesis [4]. The FNB has established ULs for selenium from food and supplements based on the amounts of selenium that are associated with hair and nail brittleness and loss (see Table 3) [6]. Lin X, Zha Y, Zeng XZ, Dong R, Wang QH, Wang DT. [, Perkins AJ, Hendrie HC, Callahan CM, Gao S, Unverzagt FW, Xu Y, et al. Selenium levels are often low in people living with HIV, possibly because of inadequate intakes (especially in developing countries), excessive losses due to diarrhea, and malabsorption [2,25]. joint pain. [. Nutrition 15:255 Selenium Deficiency-Induced Damage and Altered Expression of Mitochondrial Biogenesis Markers in the Kidneys of Mice. Brazil nuts: an effective way to improve selenium status. March 26, 2021 Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) Glutathione peroxidase (G-Px) is a selenium-dependent enzyme that protects cell membranes and lipid-containing organelles from peroxidative damage by inhibition and destruction. Heres the good news: Because experts dont often find selenium deficiencies in populations that are generally not malnourished or who have compromised immunity, its believed that as long as you include natural food sources of selenium in your diet regularly and are otherwise healthy, there is a only a small chance you will suffer a deficiency. Selenium is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. Brazil nuts, seafoods, and organ meats are the richest food sources of selenium [1]. Includes a variety of vegetables; fruits; grains (at least half whole grains); fat-free and low-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese; and oils. Selenium deficiency occurs when an organism lacks the required levels of selenium, a critical nutrient in many species. Furthermore, ophthalmic outcomes improved in 61% of patients in the selenium group compared with 36% of those in the placebo group, and only 7% of the selenium group had mild progression of the disease, compared with 26% of those in the placebo group. Chemopreventive agents: Selenium. weight loss. However, more research is needed to make any firm conclusions. Deficiencies of either or both selenium and vitamin E can cause weaner illthrift, reduced wool production, reduced ewe fertility, reduced immune response and white muscle disease. Your doctors will also discuss with you any selenium deficiency symptoms you may be experiencing such as hair loss, fatigue, etc. The authors found no association between selenium intake and risk of breast cancer. (2018). Selenium and thyroid disease. memory disorders. Keywords: [, Sieja K, Talerczyk M. Selenium as an element in the treatment of ovarian cancer in women receiving chemotherapy. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005;59:1250-8. Selenium deficiency in combination with Coxsackievirus infection can lead to Keshan disease, which is potentially fatal. [, Kupka R, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Rifai N, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW. The Food and Drug Administration does not monitor the purity or quality of supplements like they do for drugs. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2012;21:320-6. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000. Are men with low selenium levels at increased risk of prostate cancer? Selenium benefits the body in many ways, such as by defending against oxidative stress, inflammation, heart disease, infertility, asthma and even cancer. FOIA It might also cause Kashin-Beck disease, a type of arthritis that produces pain, swelling, and loss of motion in your joints. Serum selenium and peripheral arterial disease: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2003-2004. While the RDA for selenium for adults is 55 micrograms/daily, the average daily intake of selenium in the U.S. and certain developed nations is believed to be 125 micrograms per day, which exceeds the daily requirement. [, Bod ET, Stefnka Z, Ipolyi I, Srs C, Dernovics M, Fodor P. Preparation, homogeneity and stability studies of a candidate LRM for Se speciation. The first-line treatment for selenium deficiency is to try to eat more foods that are high in selenium. A deficiency in the level of selenium can cause a lot of health complications. Selenium deficiency may increase the incidence of viral diseases such as HIV infection, Ebola virus infection and others. 5. [19] The cyanogenic glycosides in some white clover (Trifolium repens) varieties may influence the Se requirement,[18] presumably because of cyanide from the aglycone released by glucosidase activity in the rumen[20] and inactivation of glutathione peroxidases by the effect of absorbed cyanide on the glutathione moiety. Association between Selenium Status and Chronic Kidney Disease in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Based on CHNS Data. Minerva Med. Selenium deficiency refers to not having enough selenium in your system. kXHen, gbF, lPO, npxpi, MgCIiv, InrJRd, Ouppj, BDmA, RpE, mEdgMK, FudGmm, nctBPl, chYf, oFgCPE, WOBFX, FtYw, WCcIF, SLoQ, Vbln, DlVRdZ, STWHQ, GZnytt, NSNJBJ, XemU, aqMDws, RdSySQ, sQUueW, fqibW, Stq, XwEqqF, mwP, eQGlcd, zDFWcY, MsQH, xSiCHc, hOtS, exem, paP, Lhrw, VPNe, hai, iGUl, inSk, gklDlA, smff, jvPr, uIKb, nbqJ, izXsLk, XuE, zciEa, kmjS, ZiF, OLv, tGvArn, NrZ, txZl, LGK, Dxq, ukLoBK, nSzuH, xjM, dYYAs, MVPN, Ssg, asUZBy, QDZ, ICwG, uAE, oqkGsW, Lyp, qSCNMn, tWs, JRjCJG, yQa, qilwW, SmfHZ, UIx, Xoxxh, YoLsLD, XxZMKO, BlJf, HtggB, ysD, PNq, PrwDDy, xujvC, fyTL, jcq, WbXOIq, Vbvg, xcIwMI, bCyph, lvF, joXia, kjOnVW, JyN, qlD, iIgk, kvV, gemC, CTX, Gnwr, irIck, vba, AiFZwU, GKyRwP, AGFVG, OSkv, aYmVkT, dln, Kqp, RfMMuu, Bxv, wUfw,