Learn how activists in past social movements leveraged the power of First Amendment to bring about change, then dissect persuasive techniques used to shape public opinion and their application to current issues. This exercise from the Free Speech Center will help instill a greater understanding and appreciation for the freedoms the First Amendment guarantees and protects. Ive been accepted to the program! Except for the llama, alpaca, dog, a few fowl, and guinea pig, the New World had no equivalents to the domesticated animals associated with the Old World, nor did it have the pathogens associated with the Old Worlds dense populations of humans and such associated creatures as chickens, cattle, black rats, and Aedes egypti mosquitoes. A series of 10 short documentary videos, one for each amendment in the Bill of Rights, showing how each freedom came through controversy to ratification by the Founding Fathers. A letter to Hamilton written shortly after the tie was announced reveals Bayards dilemma. The Maryland Center for History and Culture (MCHC), formerly the Maryland Historical Society (MdHS), founded on March 1, 1844, is the oldest cultural institution in the U.S. state of Maryland.The organization "collects, preserves, and interprets objects and materials reflecting Maryland's diverse heritage". Read the document introduction, closely examine the images, and apply your knowledge of American history to answer these questions: A printer-friendly version is available here. The Gettysburg Address Gettysburg, Pennsylvania November 19, 1863. This defect was resolved by the Twelfth Amendment in 1804, which provided separate balloting for president and vice president. The High School of American Studies at Lehman College (commonly called American Studies, HSAS, or Lehman) is a specialized high school in New York City. More and more online news sites are disallowing comments. From the Media Ethics Initiative. Under normal circumstances, these two perspectives would have been in accord, for the Federalists were largely a Northern party with a particular hatred of Virginia, the heart of their Republican opposition. Many wandered free with little more evidence of their connection to humanity than collars with a hook at the bottom to catch on fences as they tried to leap over them to get at crops. These units were developed to enable students to understand, summarize, and analyze original texts of historical significance. Among these germs were those that carried smallpox, measles, chickenpox, influenza, malaria, and yellow fever. This primer from the Freedom Forum answers these questions and more. Some 250,000 people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., for the March on Washington. This study aid will help students remember which rights are protected by each amendment. From Annenberg Classroom. Directed by Denver Brunsman (The George Washington University), featuring an array of esteemed scholars as guest instructors, this Institute is designed as purposefully broad to address the needs of K8 educators through lectures, discussions, and visits to historic sites across the Washington, DC area. Additionally, the text or video can be used on university web pages explaining student rights. Native American resistance to the Europeans was ineffective. From the First Amendment Museum. This lesson provides key concepts, materials and readings on Free Speech on campus for both private and public colleges. From the Freedom Forum. Bayards problems arose when he perceived a conflict between Federalist concerns and the welfare of his home state. That decline has reversed in our time as Amerindian populations have adapted to the Old Worlds environmental influence, but the demographic triumph of the invaders, which was the most spectacular feature of the Old Worlds invasion of the New, still stands. Clearly, this was no election of simple party politics. European explorers encountered distinctively American illnesses such as Chagas Disease, but these did not have much effect on Old World populations. From the First Amendment Museum. From iCivics.org. The United States Constitution: Federalists v. Anti-Federalists | Unit Objective This unit is part of Gilder Lehrmans series of Common Core State Standardsbased teaching resources. At the time of the abortive Virginia colony at Roanoke in the 1580s the nearby Amerindians began to die quickly. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. When Europeans first touched the shores of the Americas, Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips had not traveled west across the Atlantic, and New World crops such as maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc had not traveled east to Europe. Thats why were here. These six short films, produced by the Tully Center for Free Speech at the Newhouse School of Public Communications at Syracuse University, teach about different Supreme Court cases and other topics related to the First Amendment. The unfolding of this crisis tested the new nations durability. Targeted for 8th-grade students, this lesson focuses on propaganda and censorship during World War I. That separation lasted so long that it fostered divergent evolution; for instance, the development of rattlesnakes on one side of the Atlantic and vipers on the other. But in truth, they were something quite different. Led astray by the word caucus, many scholars pinpoint these meetings as a modern innovation. From the Student Press Law Center. On March 15, Washington stood before his officers in Newburgh and eloquently and emotionally expressed his disapprobation of the actions proposed in the anonymous soldiers addresses: "This dreadful alternative, of either deserting our Country in the extremest hour of her distress, or turning our arms against it . [12] [New York] Daily Advertiser, April 2, 1800, in Lomask, Aaron Burr, 1:244; [New York] General Advertiser, April 3, 1800, ibid. From the Student Press Law Center. Other resources can also be found on this page. An important way to develop student respect for freedom of speech is to teach them how to have "meaningful conversations with their peers.". Teachers can use this First Amendment Watch guide to teach about the impact on the First Amendment when public officials block critics on social media. As Washington prepared to read to them an account of Congresss desperate financial straits, he pulled out his new spectacles, and concluded with the now historic appeal: "Gentlemen, you must pardon me. This book offers a detailed discussion of the many crises of the 1790s. In 1776, our founders risked their lives to publish a Declaration of Independence. From Lesson Planet. From Lesson Planet. From the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. From the Media Ethics Initiative. [5] In 1795, the lackluster Jay Treaty with Britain provoked angry public protests around the nation; thousands of people gathered in New York City alone, a handful of them reputedly throwing rocks at Alexander Hamiltons head. The speech built to its emotional conclusion, which was borrowed from a Black spiritual: Free at last. The export of Americas native animals has not revolutionized Old World agriculture or ecosystems as the introduction of European animals to the New World did. The 17971798 XYZ Affair (prompted by a French attempt to get bribe money from American diplomats), the Quasi-War with France (stemming from French seizure of American ships and the XYZ Affair), the 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts (wartime measures to deport threatening aliens and silence attacks on the government), the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (recommending that state governments interpose their authority over the Alien and Sedition Acts), Friess Rebellion (a revolt against wartime taxes), and finally, the presidential election of 1800these are only the most prominent of the periods many crises, each one raising serious questions about the survival and character of the national government and its relationship to the body politic. A republic was supposedly superior to its Old World predecessors, but this assumption had yet to be tested. From C-SPAN Classroom. For the political elite, this involved new levels of communication with the populace. As Bayard explained after the election, Representing the smallest State in the Union, without resources which could furnish the means of self protection, I was compelled by the obligation of a sacred duty so to act as not to hazard the constitution upon which the political existence of the State depends.[9] Compelled to decide between loyalty to Federalism and to his home state, Bayard abandoned Federalism. Capstone projects are approved during the opening weeks of the Capstone in American History. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History Advanced Placement United States History Study Guide. This video from the Freedom Forum explores the interplay between a free press and the civil rights movements fight for equality. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. [5] See Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 481. Students will examine the First Amendment and the right to privacy in this Lesson Planet activity. In 1794, when western Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay a national whiskey tax, President George Washington called an armed force of 15,000 soldiers to the field. Americas grey squirrels and muskrats and a few others have established themselves east of the Atlantic and west of the Pacific, but that has not made much of a difference. First,Crosby states that "The Columbian Exchange of crops affected the Old World and the New." To compel politicians to stay the course, they had to commit themselves by pledging their word of honor and their reputations; the only way to unite Northerners and Southerners was to appeal to them as gentlemen who would be dishonored if they abandoned their allies. Describe the specific complaint and two specific threats of the First Newburgh Address. has something so shocking in it, that humanity revolts at the idea. (New York: Columbia University Press, 196187), 26:309. From iCivics.org. 49 W. 45th Street, 2nd Floor NYC, NY 10036, View a visualization of the Columbian Exchange, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Can you envision life in the United States without the five freedoms of the First Amendment? From the Freedom Forum. Bonus section: Teaching Healthy Discourse. George Washington proclaimed a second day of Thanksgiving in 1795, following the defeat of the Whiskey Rebellion.After Washington left office, John Adams, James Madison, and others intermediately declared days of Thanksgiving. I have a dream thatone day right there in Alabama, little Black boys and Black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. The presidential election of 1800 was an angry, dirty, crisis-ridden contest that seemed to threaten the nations very survival. Despite their loss, their legacy lives on through the fact that those who remain are alive and flourishing, with poverty globally being steadily diminished, and standards across the world being raised. This case study explores the story of Mendenhalls tweets and the freedom of speech. "The Great Depression and World War II, 19291945." Students apply their knowledge of the First Amendment to specific scenarios to determine when those freedoms are protected and when they are not. It also pushed partisan rivalry to an extreme, inspiring a host of creative and far-reaching electoral ploys. California Courts presents this lesson on the First Amendment, focusing specifically on the freedom of speech and what types of speech are considered protected. Lesson plan explaining why this religious-freedom clause is important. Provided by the California Courts, this lesson plan focuses on the Bill of Rights, specifically the five freedoms of the First Amendment. The deadlock in the House revealed a constitutional defect. From the Freedom Forum. In fact, in 1800, there was no modern party system. A brief video tour of the National Archives Amending America exhibit serves as a learning tool on the right of petition. The United States Capitol Historical Society provides this lesson plan on the history of the First Amendment and freedom of speech. Amerindian crops that have crossed oceansfor example, maize to China and the white potato to Irelandhave been stimulants to population growth in the Old World. They had no immunity. This lesson from the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History teaches about the Great Awakening, a series of important religious revivals in Colonial America. The Free Speech Centers compilation of significant historical events, court cases, and ideas that have shaped First Amendment law as we know it today. [4] George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, August 26, 1792, The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 12:276. This lesson in programming explains IT policies or codes of conduct. Samuel E. Morison (New York: Knopf, 1952), 271. In this Freedom Forum activity, students use the E.S.C.A.P.E. Access your application portal here. In addition, many believed the speech helped secure passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964. Located on the lower level of the New-York Historical Society, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, Program-wide book talks with participating scholars, Networking opportunities with teachers from across the country, Access to the GLI Exhibition Hall, where teachers can learn about Gilder Lehrman programs, Special events includingand a field trip to the Gettysburg Battlefield and trivia night, Up to 22 hours of PD credit and acertificate confirming completed hours/CEUs for the Symposium, Pedagogy sessions led by a Gilder Lehrman Master Teacher, Recommended readings and resources from scholars, 2 live pedagogy sessions led by Gilder Lehrman Master Teachers, 1 live session for open discussion and networking with peers, Between 9 and 15 hours of video lectures by leading historians, Selected primary sources, lesson plans, spotlights from the Gilder Lehrman Collection, and other classroom-ready resources, A certificate confirming completed hours/CEUs for the seminar (upon successful completion of seminar requirements), American Indian History since 1900, with Donald L. Fixico (Arizona State University), The History of Latina and Latino People in the US, with Gerald L. Cadava (Northwestern University), Making Modern America: Business & Politics in the Twentieth Century, with Margaret O'Mara (University of Washington), Presidential Leadership at Historic Crossroads with Barbara A. Perry (University of Virginia). Among the questions explored in this lesson are what constitutes a legally protected protest and what the limits are. Contact onlinecourses@gilderlehrman.org to learn more about the Capstone course. From iCivics.org. This foundational Freedom Forum module examines the three models of religious liberty in public schools: the sacred public school, naked public school, and civic public school. It also introduces the 3Rs of religious freedom. Students will use this lesson to explore free expression under the First Amendment and the Constitution. From the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, this video can serve as a resource on university web pages explaining student-speech rights. The text of the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, with discussion, from the Bill of Rights Institute. There's also a general category for resources on the Bill of Rights and related material. From the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. English people in 1607 went to the place now called Jamestown, Virginia.Other European settlers went to the colonies, mostly from England and later Great Britain. From the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. At age 11, he was misdiagnosed with tuberculosis and placed in a sanatorium.Despite this, he was an athletic youth, and he claimed that as a young boy he "set out to discover exuberance." It was certainly a powerful endorsement of our Constitution. Its available as a PDF, with and without notes, and as a prerecorded video. Includes a video about lobbying. With its universal appeal, I have a dream became an enduring phrase both in the United States and elsewhere. This Lesson Planet lesson will help students learn about the right to petition and assembly by writing their own declaration of complaints. 41, c.25) were four statutes passed during the Reconstruction Era by the 40th United States Congress addressing the requirement for Southern States to be readmitted to Nasty political mud-slinging. Actor Martin Sheen narrates this story of the political struggles involved in establishing the First Amendment and early challenges to it. This Freedom Forum First Amendment Center guide posted by the Religious Freedom Center provides lesson plans and resources for educators to use to teach students about religious liberty. From the Freedom Forum. The document accuses America of trampling on the soldiers rights and suggests that, if peace was declared, the Army could refuse to lay down their arms until their demands were met; alternatively, if the war continued, the Army could simply retire from the field and leave America to the British. Did you know the First Amendment protects the right of news reporters and citizen journalists to report on matters of public concern? Americas First Freedom is a supplementary unit of study created by Religious Freedom Institute to teach American high schoolers about religious freedom. The missionaries and the traders who ventured into the American interior told the same appalling story about smallpox and the indigenes. Beyond use in digital or in-person orientations, this video adaptation can be placed on university web pages explaining student rights, or on diversity and inclusion pages, to give a fuller picture of how to embrace difficult conversations. This First Amendment Watch teacher guide discusses NFL take a knee protests and their relation to the First Amendment. From Schooljournalism.org, two days of lessons created by ASNE, now the News Leaders Association, on First Amendment law. From the Student Press Law Center. This presentation teaches about the free press rights of student journalists. Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this webpage and program, do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, the two driving forces behind the Constitution, went to their deaths with the Unions vulnerability on their minds. Students should know that the Bill of Rights, including the First Amendment, did not spring whole into existence with no debate by our Founding Fathers. From Lesson Planet. From First Amendment Watch. NCAC provides many books about censorship at school and how to fight it for parents, teachers and school officials. In 1796, this produced a Federalist president (John Adams) and a Republican vice president (Thomas Jefferson). From the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. The Columbian Exchange has been an indispensable factor in that demographic explosion. [7] Jefferson, memorandum, January 26, 1804, in Franklin B. Sawvel, ed., The Complete Anas of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Round Table Press, 1903), 22428. The Columbian exchange of crops affected both the Old World and the New. It will take approximately five minutes. It can take up to 10 days for your credentials to be created. "FDR Timeline." I Have a Dream, speech by Martin Luther King, Jr., that was delivered on August 28, 1963, during the March on Washington. The lecture section houses the lectures and links to the live Q&A sessions. This lesson, written by Lesson Planet for 5th-graders, will help students to analyze the First Amendment and use it to solve a school-related issue. First Amendment Watch at New York University offers many lesson plans and teacher guides on the First Amendment, each relating to issues America faces today. Teach the First Amendment. This resource discusses the First Amendment impacts of public officials blocking users on social media. Indeed, as suggested by words such as pledge and promise, national party loyalty was so weak that it had to be supplemented by personal vows. He also thought of himself as a Northerner whose intense dislike of Virginia seemed to make Burr the preferable choice for president. The most basic liberties guaranteed to Americans embodied in the 45 words of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution assure Americans a government that is responsible to its citizens and responsive to their wishes. In this Lesson Planet activity, students in grades 9-12 will analyze the Bill of Rights and research the First Amendment and others. Sunday, July16 through Wednesday, July19, 2023 at Gettysburg College in Pennsylvania, The George Washington University, July 922, Application closesMarch 3, 2023, at 11:59 p.m. PT. Students will examine the Bill of Rights, the Constitution and other resources to create a brochure about a civil rights topic. Essay discussing Thomas Jeffersons views on a wall of separation between church and state. Provided by Read Write Think, this instructional plan helps students to think about the meaning behind the Pledge of Allegiance and how they use their freedom of speech. Hosted and funded by the generosity of the James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions at Princeton University, this seminarwill allow up to 20 high school teachers to participate in a weeklong professional development on the study of statecraft. Rather than intense party unity, there was a jumble of suspicions and conflicting loyaltiespersonal, ideological, and regional, as well as partisanat the heart of the election. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History - I Hav e a Dream Speech by the Rev. You will find tasks here to complete one week before your first semester begins. A bitter partisan battle between Federalist John Adams and Republican Thomas Jefferson, it produced a tie between Jefferson and his Republican running mate, Aaron Burr; a deadlock in the House where the tie had to be broken; an outburst of intrigue and suspicion as Federalists struggled to determine a course of action; Jeffersons election; and Burrs eventual downfall. This iCivics lesson teaches students about the Supreme Court decision that extended First Amendment free-speech rights to students at school, Tinker v. Des Moines. Students use their First Amendment knowledge to weigh in on a current First Amendment issue or controversy via multimedia response pieces in this Freedom Forum lesson plan. Students will learn about West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, the 1943 Supreme Court case that determined that it was unconstitutional for schools to force students to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance. [2] See Alexander Hamilton, [Statement on Impending Duel with Aaron Burr], [June 28July 10, 1804], The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 26:278, 280. We know that the honour of the Gentlemen of Virgina, and N.Y. was pledged at the adjournment of Congress, and to violate such an agreement would be a sacrilege.[6] A letter from Madison to Jefferson reveals that Gelstons fears were well founded. This University of Georgia School of Law primer teaches about prior restraint and what student journalists should do if censored by their school administration. This lesson is about the 1986 Supreme Court case Bethel School District v. Fraser, which established a schools ability to prohibit inappropriate student languageon campus. The Prints and Photographs Online Catalog (PPOC) contains catalog records and digital images representing a rich cross-section of still pictures held by the Prints & Photographs Division and, in some cases, other units of the Library of Congress. Headquarters: 49 W. 45th Street 2nd Floor New York, NY 10036, Our Collection: 170 Central Park West New York, NY 10024 Located on the lower level of the New-York Historical Society, 20092022 Can you tell me more about the Capstone course? Indeed, as a whole, the election featured a number of electoral innovations. What did Washington mean when he asked if the soldier who wrote the complaint was an insidious foe? Given Americas survival for more than two hundred years, it is easy to forget this central political reality of the early Republic: The United States was new, fragile, shaky, and likely to collapse, a prevailing anxiety that could not help but have an enormous impact on the periods politics. Sponsored by the News Leaders Association. Venereal syphilis has also been called American, but that accusation is far from proven. People from all different religions live and thrive in America thanks to the religious liberty protected by the First Amendment. Much of it is recent, possibly inspired by the presidential election of 2000. Study-abroad programs have experienced extensive changes recently due to COVID-19, but while the logistics of travel are different and may remain changed in coming years, the underlying freedom of expression issues remain constant. Students will use this lesson to learn about video games and why the First Amendment keeps the government from restricting access to them. To recapture the contingency of this historical moment, we have to look through the eyes of our historical subjects and understand them in the context of their own world. This Student Press Law Center presentation teaches about freedom of information laws and their importance in journalism. The 1977 National Women's Conference in Houston, Texas, presented an opportunity for women's liberation groups to address a multitude of women's issues. In addition to his seminal work on this topic, The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (1972), he has also written Americas Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918 (1989) and Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 9001900 (1986). all rights reserved, George Washington and the Newburgh Conspiracy, 1783, Located on the lower level of the New-York Historical Society, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. One of these, a plantain (Plantago major), was named Englishmans Foot by the Amerindians of New England and Virginia who believed that it would grow only where the English have trodden, and was never known before the English came into this country. Thus, as they intentionally sowed Old World crop seeds, the European settlers were unintentionally contaminating American fields with weed seed. For example, he personalized his campaign to an extraordinary degree, purportedly compiling a roster with the name of every New York City voter, accompanied by a detailed description of his political leanings, temperament, and financial standing. Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Washington, 1963. Help tomorrows citizens find their voices. Twenty-two programs | Online and In-Person | Topics across American history. The national government was still a work-in-progress, a political experiment with no model of comparison in the modern world. Click here to navigate to Moodle. This lesson explores the value of freedom of speech in a time of uncertainty and fear. View a visualization of the Columbian Exchange. But envisioning the election as the birth of our modern political system masks the many ways in which it was distinctly not modern. Three of his Cabinet members had previously run against As he prepared for the March 15 meeting with his officers, he urged Congress to seriously consider providing some relief to the soldiers. In this lesson, 11th-graders will analyze the First Amendment through surveys and evaluation. This Free Speech Center quiz tests knowledge of the Declaration of Independence. Section professors will appear in the course catalog alongside the lab section once they are assigned. In this Lesson Planet exercise, students will analyze Supreme Court cases to learn about the five freedoms of the First Amendment. Students will discuss the role of books in freedom of the press and speech, as well as the reasons for and effects of censorship. It is a saga that began even before U.S. history and continues to evolve today. Students will consider the importance of the right to assemble and protest by analyzing cases where First Amendment rights were in question. This Lesson Planet lesson, made for 9th-graders, will help students to understand the First Amendment and its impact on their daily lives. Teachers are welcome and encouraged to register for as many seminars as they like. The Amistad Story. From the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. For questions on billing and tuition, reach out to the Gettysburg College Student Accounts Office at studentaccounts@gettysburg.edu. The challenge of the moment spurred Burr to new heights of political creativity. This Annenberg Classroom lesson will focus on freedom of assembly as established in the First Amendment. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Viewed in this lightas a neat and tidy stepping-stone to modern party politicsthe election doesnt seem to merit further analysis. From Lesson Planet. In my opinion,if the Amerinidians and Europeans hadn't encountered each other,then the decline of the Amerindians would be less or none without the disease brought by the Europeans. The Freedom Forum presents a crash course on everything you need to know about libel law. This Media Ethics Initiative case study discusses the ethics of Twitchs hate-speech policies. This Lesson Planet exercise explores New England government in the 1700s, discussing the significance of various documents and their connection to freedom of religion in America. They had no way to protect themselves. These honor-pledging ceremonies were not party caucuses as we understand them today. Enhances history teaching and research through primary sources, an online textbook, extensive reference resources, and interactive materials. Similar to the Freedom Forum game, students will learn about the First Amendment by creating their own draft amendments and voting for the most important. I have questions about billing and tuition? Many of the indigenous tribes had condensed their population due to deaths caused by the smallpox disease. This iCivics lesson, formatted as a web quest, will have students analyze Supreme Court cases that interpreted the First Amendment, as well as explain the role of the Supreme Court in interpreting the Constitution. A thorough list of cases, many with lessons associated, from the Bill of Rights Institute. After 1492, human voyagers in part reversed this tendency. The Yale Institute for Global Health (YIGH) is the focal point for global health at Yale, bringing together expertise and knowledge from across campus with partners around the world to accelerate scientific breakthroughs addressing urgent global health issues. This interactive chart, created by the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University, provides information about prosecution against whistleblowers under the Espionage Act. Thank God Almighty, we are free at last. Largely based on Kings extemporizations, the speech was widely considered the greatest of the 20th century, noted for its power and resonance. Thomas Clarkson (28 March 1760 26 September 1846) was an English abolitionist, and a leading campaigner against the slave trade in the British Empire.He helped found The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade (also known as the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade) and helped achieve passage of the Slave Trade Act 1807, which ended British trade in The MCHC has a museum, library, holds educational programs, How our core freedoms of speech, press, religion, assembly and petition came to be guaranteed is a fascinating saga of American history involving towering figures, particularly James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. Several presidents opposed days of national thanksgiving, with Thomas Jefferson openly denouncing such a proclamation. The Library of Congress offers broad public access to these materials as a contribution to education and scholarship. Participants sometimes referred to them as caucuses, but they also called them the agreement, the promise, the compromise, and the pledge, to which they would be faithful and true.[8] Clearly, these caucuses involved negotiation and compromise between men of different views, rather than the simple confirmation of a presidential ticket. to date (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1962 ), 13:136. 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