NHTSA believed that if connectors are high voltage sources and if they can be accessed, opened, or removed without the use of tools, regardless of whether they are located under the floor, they should be required to meet the same requirements for direct contact protection as other high voltage sources, including barriers providing protection degree IPXXD or IPXXB, based on whether they are located inside or outside the passenger or luggage compartment areas, respectively. 33. Second, connectors must meet at least one of the following three requirements: (1) If a connector or vehicle charge inlet can be separated from its mating component without the use of tools, the IPXXB/IPXXD protection level must be provided when the connector is uncoupled from its mating component; (2) if a connector or vehicle charge inlet can be separated from its mating component without the use of tools, the voltage of live parts of the connector or vehicle charge inlet becomes less than or equal to 60 VDC or 30 VAC within one second of separating from its mating component; or, (3) the connector has a locking mechanism (at least two distinct actions are needed to separate the connector from its mating component), and there are other components that must be removed to separate the connector from its mating component and these cannot be removed without the use of tools. This section summarizes the requirements adopted by this final rule. Providing at least a momentary indication to the driver when the vehicle is first placed in possible active driving mode after manual activation of the propulsion system. High voltage source means any electric component which is contained in the electric power train or conductively connected to the electric power train and has a working voltage greater than 30 VAC or 60 VDC. Adopting the physical barrier option also enables manufacturers to produce 48-volt mild hybrid systems without having to use electrical isolation safety measures that involve more complexity, higher consumer costs, and higher mass, without an incremental safety benefit. NHTSA declined the request,[24] establishing the XML-based Federal Register as an ACFR-sanctioned (The NPRM proposed a compliance date of 180 days after the publication of the final rule in the Federal Register.). SUMMARY: NHTSA is issuing this final rule to amend Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. documents in the last year. 12/09/2022, 809 WebOn an ordinary day over flat desert country, or over the sea, as one goes upward from the surface of the ground the electric potential increases by about $100$ volts per meter. The current definition states: High voltage source means any electric component contained in the electric power train or conductively connected to the electric power train that has a working voltage greater than 30 VAC or 60 VDC. The commenter states that the definition can be read in two different ways because it is not clear if the component or the electric power train is being modified by the given voltage limits. (Emphasis in text.) WebSo, if a charge is moving, it now has two fields one is electric field which was already there and another is magnetic field. In the NPRM, NHTSA expressed disagreement with the GTR's exclusion of connectors under the floor. Tesla believes that the intent of the insulation resistance requirement is to prevent high voltage current from flowing through the human body. 19. . 305 because of a fundamental difference between the standard and the draft EVS-GTR. We clarify several test procedures, including how we will use the IPXXB and IPXXD protection degree probes and how we determine the voltage between various conductive parts. An equipotential surface is a surface that is made up of charges having the same potential. This rule adopts requirements that closely mirror the electrical safety provisions of GTR No. WebSo in varying fields a conductor is not an equipotential. Note that electric potential follows the same principle of superposition as electric field and electric potential energy. The Alliance believes that the definition of exposed conductive part should be revised to clarify that the part is not normally energized (that energization can occur under a fault condition). Revise the definition of Propulsion system; and. 305) on the date of publication of this final rule so that interested manufacturers can begin certifying the compliance of their vehicles with the amended standard from that date. For this reason, specific statements are needed in the EVS GTR to exclude these low voltage sources from electrical safety requirements that are intended for high voltage sources. Can electric field lines pass through a glass? = (c) 100 ohms/volt for a DC high voltage source. In November 2011, the Executive Committee of the 1998 Agreement established a working group to develop a GTR for electric vehicle safety. 13 addresses hydrogen fuel cell vehicle technology. The markings are not necessary because this final rule requires vehicle charge inlets to have direct contact protection when connected and disconnected from their mating component, like connectors. The AC external electric power supply is grounded to earth ground. Kr 2 = constant or K 1 r 1 2 = K 2 r 2 2 3. Mr. Miki noted that protection against electric shock during charging by connecting to an AC external electric power supply is provided by the vehicle and the off-board electric vehicle supply equipment (i.e. documents in the last year, 201 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Department of Transportation (DOT). NHTSA also proposed that cables for high voltage sources that are not located within electrical protection barriers must be identified by an orange colored outer covering. any harmful electrical current to the vehicle chassis. The directions of both the displacement and the applied force in the system in Figure 7.3 are parallel, and thus the work done on the system is positive.. We use the letter U to denote electric potential energy, which has units of joules (J). Tesla asks NHTSA to allow for alternative placement of high voltage markings when a vehicle's high voltage source is located under the vehicle's floor. Petitioner Alliance requests a physical barrier compliance option to facilitate the production of 48-volt mild hybrid technologies as well as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. GTR No. Importantly, there have now been years of worldwide recognition of the physical barrier option as an acceptable means of providing electrical safety in electric powered vehicles, with years of experience in design labs and in the field showing no evidence of associated safety problems. The electric field from two point charges is created. 305. Start Preamble AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Department of Transportation (DOT). A Taylor cone refers to the cone observed in electrospinning, electrospraying and hydrodynamic spray processes from which a jet of charged particles emanates above a threshold voltage. Propulsion system means an assembly of electric or electro-mechanical components or circuits that propel the vehicle using the energy that is supplied by a high voltage source. Therefore, additional safety provisions are required to ensure the safety of this coupling and re-coupling design mechanism. 13 and ECE R.100.) daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial {\displaystyle \pi \,} Some commenters requested modifying the proposed regulatory text to clarify the wording of requirements and test procedures or to align the text with GTR No. 305 to give more flexibility to manufacturers not only to use modern electrical safety designs to produce electric vehicles, but also to introduce new technologies to the U.S. market, including hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and 48-volt mild hybrid technologies. 34. [45] WebMathematical definition. Electric field of finite line charge: Potentials for other charge geometries: Index Voltage concepts . 305, GTR No. In fact, the field points in direction opposite Second, the Alliance requests changes to the proposed physical barrier protection requirements for AC high voltage sources that are conductively connected to DC high voltage sources and that comply with the lower electrical isolation limit of 100 ohms/volt under post-crash conditions (S5.3(a)(2)). 17. Working voltage is defined in FMVSS No. {\displaystyle P_{1/2}(\cos \theta _{0})\,} Matlab :Q, (), z: To show this more explicitly, note that a test charge q t q t at the point P in space has distances of r 1, r 2, , r N r 1, r 2, , r N from the N charges fixed in space above, as shown in Figure 7.19. This is called a cone-jet and is the beginning of the electrospraying process in which ions may be transferred to the gas phase. To illustrate, if an electric energy storage device is accessible when the floor mat is pulled out and a floor panel is opened (without the use of tools), the floor panel has to have a high voltage symbol that is visible to the person when he/she pulls out the floor mat. The documents posted on this site are XML renditions of published Federal 12/09/2022, 234 13, connectors do not need to meet IPXXB protection if they are located underneath the vehicle floor and are provided with a locking mechanism, or require the use of tools to separate the connector, or the voltage reduces to below 30 VAC or 60 VDC within one second after the connector is separated. Create models of dipoles, capacitors, and more! Equipotential Line Electric Potential Energy When a charged particle is placed in an uniform electric field, in absence of all other forces, it will experience an acceleration in the direction of the field lines. ) Two identical conductors having charges q 1 and q 2 are put to contact and then separated, after which The Alliance requests adding a definition for the term connector, assuming NHTSA will adopt separate electrical safety requirements for connectors (this issue is discussed in a section below). Subaru asks whether the reference to normal vehicle operation in the definition of the term, live parts,[28] documents in the last year, by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration The NTTAA directs us to provide Congress (through OMB) with explanations when the agency decides not to use available and applicable voluntary consensus standards. A. IPXXD protection degree for high voltage sources inside passenger and luggage compartments, and IPXXB protection degree for high voltage sources outside passenger and luggage compartments. 13 that involve electrical isolation and direct and indirect contact protection of high voltage sources to prevent electric shock during normal operation of electric powered vehicles. on This final rule amends the standard to adopt a physical barrier compliance option that prevents direct and indirect contact[3] R Create models of dipoles, capacitors, and more! 13. If electrical isolation/insulation is lost during charging, the leakage current (residual current)[53] To move a unit test charge against the direction of the component of the field, work would have to be done which means this surface cannot be equipotential surface. Next: Equipotential Surfaces. NHTSA believes that a calculation option is acceptable for the requirement at issue because resistances can be computed from other measured resistances on an actual vehicle in a straightforward manner, and do not involve potentially subjective judgment calls on the part of evaluators as to whether assumptions underlying a calculation are merited. SUMMARY: NHTSA is issuing this final rule to amend Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. The agency believes that most, if not all, electric-powered vehicles currently sold in the United States would be able to comply with the updated requirements in FMVSS No. Electric energy conversion devices include fuel cells which convert chemical energy to electric energy. Exposed conductive parts of electrical protection barriers must be protected against indirect contact[42] (equipotential surface) exists at a value of On March 10, 2016, NHTSA issued the notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) on which this final rule is based (81 FR 12647). We adopt terms such as high voltage live parts, exposed conductive parts of electrical protection barriers, and possible active driving mode in place of proposed terms that were less clear. documents in the last year, 963 39. regulatory information on FederalRegister.gov with the objective of Since current flows through the path of least resistance, most of the current flow will be through the chassis than through the human body which has a significantly higher resistance. 13 and the latest version of SAE J1766 January 2014. It is based on GTR No. Thus, conversion devices do not need to be marked. SUMMARY: NHTSA is issuing this final rule to amend Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 13 to harmonize the standards of fuel cell vehicles. Global asks if start up refers to the time of engine start or some other meaning. (a) Connect the voltmeter to the measuring points (exposed conductive part of an electrical protection barrier and the electrical chassis or any two simultaneously reachable exposed conductive parts of electrical protection barriers that are less than 2.5 meters from each other). 13, the NPRM did not exclude from the marking requirement (1) electrical protection barriers or high voltage sources located under the vehicle floor; (2) connectors generally; or (3) the vehicle charge inlet. Mr. Miki recommends that the electrical isolation between the electrical chassis and high voltage sources that are conductively connected to the vehicle charge inlet during AC charging be greater than or equal to 500 ohms/volt because with this level of electrical isolation, the leakage current would be sufficiently lower than the leakage (residual) current level that would trip the RCD/CCID to open the circuit and interrupt the electric energy supply.[54]. S5.4.1.3 Service disconnect. The fuel cell provides DC power while the drive motors typically operate on AC. In its comment, Tesla asks NHTSA to confirm whether various scenarios involving its connectors underneath the floor of its vehicles would meet the proposed requirements. What else could we do to make the rule easier to understand. 14. 09/26/2017 at 8:45 am. Chapter 8. [7] The NPRM proposed adopting GTR No. Since an electric energy storage device is a high density energy source, we believe there is a safety need for the marking, as persons (such as maintenance, repair and rescue personnel and consumers working on their vehicles) encountering the electric energy storage device should be warned of the electrical shock risks. When a conservative 13. 22. The Alliance and Global point out that the DC power supply should not be connected in this test (S9.3a). International regulatory cooperation can also reduce, eliminate, or prevent unnecessary differences in regulatory requirements. the current document as it appeared on Public Inspection on P The commenter states this is unlike hybrid-electric vehicles, in which the high voltage source is located in or near the vehicle trunk. Until the ACFR grants it official status, the XML On an ordinary day over flat desert country, or over the sea, as one goes upward from the surface of the ground the electric potential increases by about $100$ volts per meter. : 237238 An object {\displaystyle \pi -\theta _{0}\,} A. and there are other components that must be removed in order to separate the connector from its mating component and these cannot be removed without the use of tools. Register documents. GTR No. 305's electrical isolation requirements, such designs involve more complexity, higher consumer costs, and higher mass resulting in reduced fuel economy and increased emissions. 272), directs the agency to evaluate and use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory activities unless doing so would be inconsistent with applicable law or is otherwise impractical. (b) The voltages V1, V2, and Vb of the high voltage source, measured according to the procedure specified in S7.7, must be less than or equal to 30 VAC for AC components or 60 VDC for DC components. NHTSA rules can have preemptive effect in two ways. This feature is not available for this document. Shunting is when a low-resistance connection between two points in an electric circuit forms an alternative path for a portion of the current. NHTSA is considering initiating rulemaking in the future on other aspects of GTR No. Under such conditions, a human body contacting high voltage-exposed conductive parts of the vehicle would not experience electric shock if the leakage current is less than or equal to maximum current levels considered to be safe. For a locking lever, the lever would need to be pressed down and then the connector pulled out. 305 for an HFCV (see grant of petition, January 2, 2015 (80 FR 101)). 59. At least a momentary indication shall be given to the driver each time the vehicle is first placed in possible active driving mode after manual activation of the propulsion system. NHTSA's intent was to modify the component.[26] Electrical Isolation of High Voltage Sources, 2. WebThe electric field lines and equipotential lines for two equal but opposite charges. NHTSA has decided not to require electric energy conversion devices to be marked with the high voltage symbol. Third, the agency does not believe the above-quoted text is needed in FMVSS No. As discussed above, this rule is not a significant rule under Executive Order 12866 and, accordingly, is not subject to the offset requirements of 13771. Contact of a conductive part that is energized due to loss of electrical isolation of a high voltage source is an indirect contact of a high voltage source. documents in the last year, 525 WebTaylor's derivation is based on two assumptions: (1) that the surface of the cone is an equipotential surface and (2) that the cone exists in a steady state equilibrium. Protection degree IPXXD is protection from contact with high voltage live parts. VDC is the voltage for direct current sources and VAC is voltage for alternating current sources. (The 150 mm limit is a change from the NPRM, which did not specify a distance.). charge connector) and provided a description of these protection systems. WebPlot equipotential lines and discover their relationship to the electric field. The equipotential lines can be drawn by making them perpendicular to the electric field lines, if those are known. 12/09/2022, 162 CCID is a device that continuously monitors the differential current among all of the current-carrying line conductors in a grounded system and rapidly interrupts the circuit under conditions where the differential current exceeds the rated Measurement Indication Unit (MIU) value of a charging circuit interrupting device. Thus, the relation between electric field and electric potential can be generally expressed as Electric field is the negative space derivative of electric potential. Electric Field And Electric Potential. of high voltage sources post-crash by way of electrical protection barriers. An electrical protection barrier is a physical barrier that encloses a high voltage source to prevent direct contact (by occupants, emergency services personnel and others) of the high voltage source from any direction of access. Therefore, the power train has: (a) Inverters to convert DC power to AC to run the motors and (b) converters to convert AC power generated in the drive motor during regenerative braking to DC to store energy in the batteries. (b) The selected access probe is inserted into any gaps or openings of the electrical protection barrier with a test force of 10 N 1 N with the IPXXB probe or 1 to 2 N with the IPXXD probe. [T]he regulatory text [should] explicitly remove the `one million ohm' specification and instead state that the isolation resistance, measured at the vehicle charge inlet, must comply with the requirements stated in S5.4.3.1. WebArrange positive and negative charges in space and view the resulting electric field and electrostatic potential. WebArrange positive and negative charges in space and view the resulting electric field and electrostatic potential. To derive a relation between electric field and potential, consider two equipotential surfaces separated by a distance dx, let V be the potential on surface 1 and V-dV be the potential on surface 2. documents in the last year, 860 However, we are revising the proposed regulatory text to indicate that the marking on electric energy storage devices shall be present rather than shall be visible. This terminology is consistent with the draft EVS-GTR. In light of the new information provided by Mr. Miki and the commenters, the agency is modifying the proposed isolation resistance requirement for high voltage sources for charging the electric energy storage device (S5.4.3.3). NHTSA believes that normal vehicle operation includes operating modes and conditions that can reasonably be encountered during typical operation of the vehicle, such as driving, parking and standing in traffic, as well as, charging using chargers that are compatible with the specific charging ports installed on the vehicle. (e) Protection degree IPXXD or IPXXB is verified when the following conditions are met: (i) The access probe does not touch high voltage live parts. informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal 12/09/2022, 42 The agency agrees that the two methods were provided as compliance test options for manufacturers and has included the recommended regulatory text in S9.2 of FMVSS No.305. [44] / As the voltage is increased the effect of the electric field becomes more prominent. Since the physiological impacts of direct current (DC) are less than those of alternating current (AC), the standard specifies lower minimum electrical isolation requirements for DC high voltage sources with electrical isolation monitoring systems (100 ohms/volt) than for AC components (500 ohms/volt). ACTION: Final rule. UY1: Electric Potential Of A Line Of Charge. 4. Like GTR No. (2) Adjust the voltage of the DC power supply so that the current flow becomes more than 0.2 Amperes. documents in the last year, 37 The Alliance requests replacing the term, live parts with high voltage live parts in the regulatory text since electrical safety requirements apply to high voltage sources. on v. Add in alphabetical order definitions for Protection degree IPXXB, Protection degree IPXXD, Service disconnect, and Vehicle charge inlet; d. Add S5.4.1, S5.4.1.1, S5.4.1.1.1, S5.4.1.2, S5.4.1.3, S5.4.1.4, S5.4.1.5, S5.4.1.6, S5.4.2, S5.4.2.1, S5.4.2.2, S5.4.3, S5.4.3.1, S5.4.3.2, S5.4.3.3, S5.4.4, S5.4.5, S5.4.6, S5.4.6.1, S5.4.6.2, S5.4.6.3, S9, S9.1, S9.2, S9.3, and figures 6, 7a, 7b, and 8. Electric Field from Electric Potential We have seen in the previous example of the electric potential between two parallel plates, that V s = E where s is the spacing between the plates, where the path is parallel to the field direction (and perpendicular to equipotential surfaces). (Note that the electric protection barrier around a fuel cell is required to be marked.) Further, the agency believes the testing associated with the requirements added by this final rule are not substantial and to some extent are already being voluntarily borne by the manufacturers pursuant to SAE J1766. : 237238 An object First, as discussed in a previous section, we are amending the definition of high voltage source, as the Alliance requests, to make clear that a component is a high voltage source based on its working voltage. Vehicles with an internal combustion engine that directly or indirectly provides the vehicle's propulsion power on start up are excluded from this requirement. However, the electric protection barrier around a conversion device (e.g., fuel cell) will have to be marked, and the mark is required to be visible. (The NPRM had proposed requiring all three elements i(A), i(B), and i(C) of physical barrier protection for such AC high voltage sources.). See enclosure (below). Miki, T., Personal Protection during Charging. Submitted at the 12th EVS GTR meeting in Paris on September 15, 2016, EVSTF09-32-TF2-04.docx. For example, a driver might not realize the vehicle is in an active driving mode when he or she pressed on the accelerator pedal, which could result in a potential crash condition. The vehicle charge inlet is the device on the electric vehicle into which the charge connector is inserted for the purpose of transferring energy and exchanging information from an external electric power supply. 15. In summary, the electric field is the change in the potential across a small distance in a direction perpendicular to an equipotential surface divided by that small distance. 305 as the highest root mean square voltage of the voltage source, which may occur across its terminals or between its terminals and any conductive parts in open circuit conditions or under normal operating conditions. The NPRM also proposed (S5.3(c)(3)) that the voltages between an electrical protection barrier and other exposed conductive parts must be less than or equal to 30 VAC or 60 VDC (low voltage requirement). Kr 2 = constant or K 1 r 1 2 = K 2 r 2 2 3. Webwhere we have defined positive to be pointing away from the origin and r is the distance from the origin. The parties designed the draft GTR to reflect the provisions of GTR No. The commenter's statement is: Where electrical circuits, that are galvanically connected to each other, and fulfilling the condition, that the maximum voltage between a DC live part and any other live part (DC or AC) is less [than] or equal [to] 30 VAC and 60 VDC, only the components or parts of the electric circuit that operate on high voltage are classified as high voltage sources. We concur that the statement is consistent with NHTSA's intent. WebNote that electric potential follows the same principle of superposition as electric field and electric potential energy. y = r0*sin(th); %y B. IPXXB/IPXXD protection level for the vehicle charge inlet when connected to the charge connector and IPXXB/IPXXD protection level or low voltage when separated from the charge connector. WebThe electric field around a positive and negative point charge are shown and compared to the gravitational field around a planet. Uniform electric fields are shown. Subaru comments that the description of manipulating the IPXXB finger probe does not specifically note that it is only applicable to the IPXXB probe and not the IPXXD probe. Voluntary consensus standards are technical standards (e.g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies, such as the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). There are several definitions, but it is normally stated in the traceless form (i.e. The NPRM proposed to change these requirements (S5.3(a)) and add specifications that high voltage sources must have electrical isolation during normal vehicle operation (S5.4.3.1). NHTSA has examined today's final rule pursuant to Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255; Aug. 10, 1999) and concluded that no additional consultation with States, local governments, or their representatives is mandated beyond the rulemaking process. The resistance between two exposed conductive parts of electrical protection barriers that are less than 2.5 meters from each other may be calculated using the separately measured resistances of the relevant parts of the electric path. However, NHTSA is correcting the reference to exposed conductive parts of the electrical protection barriers in S5.3(c)(2) to qualify that they are exposed conductive parts of the electrical protection barrier of the high voltage source under consideration in S5.3. Due to the similarity with the Alliance's request and because there is no need to specify that electrical protection barriers enclose high voltage sources, Global's request was not adopted in the final rule. You may use the RIN contained in the heading at the beginning of this document to find this action in the Unified Agenda. documents in the last year, 269 The line must be perpendicular to the electric field lines in order to be an equipotential surface. include documents scheduled for later issues, at the request 305's post-crash electrical safety requirements. Note that the potential is greatest (most positive) near the positive charge and least (most negative) near the negative charge. The system must monitor its own readiness and the warning display must be visible to the driver seated in the driver's designated seating position. The United States is a co-chair of this working group, along with the European Union, Japan, and China. NHTSA agrees with this requested change from Global. This means that the electric field vectors that run perpendicular to them are equal to the magnitude of the electric field vectors. This final rule updates FMVSS No. (c) A low voltage supply (of not less than 40 V and not more than 50 V) in series with a suitable lamp may be connected between the access probe and any high voltage live parts inside the electrical protection barrier to indicate whether high voltage live parts were contacted. External electric power supply is a power supply external to the vehicle that provides electric power to charge the electric energy storage device in the vehicle through the charge connector. In another change from the NPRM, markings are not required on electrical connectors and on the vehicle charge inlet[15] The Alliance also notes that high voltage connectors do not necessarily carry high current. Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor in 1964 described this phenomenon, theoretically derived based on general assumptions that the requirements to form a perfect cone under such conditions required a semi-vertical angle of 49.3 (a whole angle of 98.6) and demonstrated that the shape of such a cone approached the theoretical shape just before jet formation. Further, we agree that since high voltage cables going into the connectors are required to have orange outer covers, those covers will sufficiently indicate that the cables and their connectors are high voltage. A service disconnect is a device for deactivation of an electrical circuit when conducting checks and services of the electric battery, fuel cell stack, or other high voltage source. Contact of a conductive part that is energized due to loss of electrical isolation of a high voltage source is an indirect contact of a high voltage source. 45. wpws, 1.1:1 2.VIPC, MatlabQ, Matlab:Qclear %r0 = 2.5;%r = 0.2:0.05:r0;%e = 1./r.^2;%u = 1./r;%figure %plot(r,e,r,u,'--','LineWidth',3);%grid on%axis([0,r0,0,5]);%fs = 16;%, V o 1 . Today's final rule also provides an additional optional method of meeting post-crash electrical safety requirements that involve physical barriers of high voltage sources to prevent electric shock due to direct and indirect contact with live parts. should verify the contents of the documents against a final, official Although NHTSA was not able to quantify any cost savings for this rule, in adopting an optional method of meeting post-crash electrical safety requirements involving use of physical barriers to prevent direct or indirect contact (by occupants, emergency services personnel and others) with high voltage sources, this final rule adjusts the standard to remove an obstruction that prevented HFCVs to be offered for sale in the U.S. Use of the physical barrier option will also enable manufacturers to produce 48-volt mild hybrid systems without having to use electrical isolation safety measures that involve more complexity, higher consumer costs, and higher mass, without an incremental safety benefit. 13 into FMVSS No. OICA is an international organization of motor vehicle manufacturers whose members include 39 national trade associations around the world. documents in the last year, 1378 Similarly, the agency also agrees with the Alliance and Global request to exclude the vehicle charge inlet from requiring markings. The agency received many comments regarding the requirement for isolation resistance of 1 million ohms during charging. Currently, the standard focuses on post-crash safety, requiring vehicles with high voltage sources to protect vehicle occupants, rescue workers and others who may contact the vehicle after a crash. But, commenters point out, connectors are unique in that they are designed to be disconnected from their mating component. [34] Connector means a device providing mechanical connection and disconnection of high voltage electrical conductors to a suitable mating component, including its housing. Federal Register provide legal notice to the public and judicial notice The collaborative effort in this process led to the establishment of GTR No. 305. Open for Comment, Economic Sanctions & Foreign Assets Control, Exclusive Economic Zone Fisheries Off Alaska, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Taking Additional Steps To Address the National Emergency With Respect to the Situation in Nicaragua, Lowering Prescription Drug Costs for Americans, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Some commenters suggest NHTSA not adopt or reduce the stringency of particular requirements for lack of safety need, such as the marking of connectors and the vehicle charge inlet, and a one million ohms isolation requirement for charging electrical energy storage devices. 12866 or the Department's Regulatory Policies and Procedures. WebThe above equation represents a hyperbola with its two foci as s 1 and s 2.. ACTION: Final rule. V The agency agrees with the comments of Global and the Alliance and has worded S5.3(c)(3) to reflect the recommended changes. Regarding Tesla's recommendation that we incorporate Table 4 of ISO 6469-3 for connectors, we believe there is no need for such an amendment. documents in the last year, 41 NHTSA closely collaborated with experts from contracting parties to the 1998 Agreement, particularly Germany and Japan, to develop a GTR for hydrogen fueled vehicles that establishes levels of safety that are equivalent to or exceeds those for conventional gasoline fueled vehicles. Because of this, we are amending 49 CFR 571.305 (FMVSS No. 29. Register, and does not replace the official print version or the official at 12664.) Next: Equipotential Surfaces. Similar to the Alliance's request, Global requests replacing exposed conductive part with exposed conductive part of the electrical protection barrier enclosing the high voltage source in the regulatory text. In 2010, NHTSA decided against adoption of a physical barrier option because the agency believed not enough was known about the option. An equipotential surface is a surface that is made up of charges having the same potential. 18. 27. Only official editions of the We believe that maintenance personnel will have basic knowledge of the workings of the electrical system, so the electrical shock warning symbol is not necessary. S5.4.1.5 Connectors. This change in the language of S5.3(c)(3) makes it more consistent with the language of S5.3(c)(2) and is not a substantive change from the NPRM. Toyota incorporates electrical protection barriers (conductively connected to the electric chassis with low resistance) and maintains at least a 100 ohms/volt electrical isolation into its design. The potential of a ring of charge can be found by superposing the point charge potentials of infinitesmal charge elements. NHTSA agrees and has corrected this omission to indicate that the described manipulation of the finger probe only applies to the IPXXB probe. GTR No. This final rule also amends FMVSS No. The conflict was discerned based upon the nature (e.g., the language and structure of the regulatory text) and the safety-related objectives of FMVSS requirements in question and the impact of the State requirements on those objectives. This proposal was to ensure that in the event of electrical isolation loss during charging, a person contacting the vehicle does not form a ground loop with the chassis and sustain significant electric shock. Subaru states that a device that is mounted under a seat, and that is not visible without first removing the seat, should not have to be marked. The change is unnecessary. It is a plane section of the three-dimensional graph of the function (,) parallel to the (,)-plane.More generally, a contour line for a function of two variables is a curve connecting cos The Alliance states that while vehicles with 48-volt mild hybrid systems use mostly low-voltage components that do not present any danger of harmful electric shock, AC voltage sources contained within the system can exceed the 30 volt threshold in FMVSS No. Cables for high voltage sources which are not located within electrical protection barriers shall be identified by having an outer covering with the color orange. The NPRM discusses the Battelle study in detail, see 81 FR at 12656. Third, for vehicles that have on-board electric energy storage devices that can be charged externally, the NPRM proposed to prohibit vehicle movement by the vehicle's own propulsion system when the external electric power supply is physically connected to the vehicle charge inlet. The agency has determined that implementation of this action will not have any significant impact on the quality of the human environment. Kr 2 = constant or K 1 r 1 2 = K 2 r 2 2 3. For the vehicle charge inlet intended to be conductively connected to the AC external electric power supply, the electric isolation between the electrical chassis and the high voltage sources that are conductively connected to the vehicle charge inlet during charging of the electric energy storage device shall be greater than or equal to 500 ohms/volt when the charge connector is disconnected. Tesla requests that the agency draw a clear distinction between when a vehicle is considered stationary and when it is in movement under its own power. The commenter suggests using a provision in FMVSS No. 50. If the charge is uniform at all points, however high the electric potential is, there will not be any electric field. where Second, the Alliance asks that NHTSA provide in the preamble the following statement for further clarification. However, to reduce ambiguity, we have modified the final rule regulatory text by replacing the phrase, upon start up, with the phrase, when the vehicle is first placed in possible active driving mode after manual activation of the propulsion system. Once driving is initiated, notification is not needed when the vehicle is put in neutral to change gears (for manual-drive vehicles). Next: Equipotential Surfaces. This angle is known as the Taylor angle. Chapter 8. o = zeros(size(th));% Petitioner Alliance requested the physical barrier option to facilitate the production of 48volt mild hybrid technologies as well as HFCVs. The President of the United States manages the operations of the Executive branch of Government through Executive orders. The commenter asks that the compliance date be modified to align it with the first September 1st that is at least 180 days after the publication of the final rule in the Federal Register, with optional early compliance Start Printed Page 44958permitted. In drafting the NPRM, we determined that connectors were high voltage sources and that they should meet all the requirements for high voltage sources. documents in the last year, 981 1 S9 Test methods for physical barrier protection from electric shock due to direct and indirect contact with high voltage sources. S5.4.5 Electric shock protection during charging. Only those rules deemed significant under section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866, Regulatory Planning and Review, are subject to these requirements. This article is about the magnetic field of a moving charge. To meet both of these criteria the electric field must have azimuthal symmetry and have dependence to counter the surface tension to produce the cone. Additionally, the agency noted that vehicle floor and connector are not defined in GTR No. 5.5 Calculating Electric Fields of Charge Distributions. offers a preview of documents scheduled to appear in the next day's . ( In deciding whether to adopt a GTR as an FMVSS, we follow the requirements for NHTSA rulemaking, including the Administrative Procedure Act, the National Highway and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (Vehicle Safety Act) (49 U.S.C. Therefore, it is also referred to as residual current. is intended as a system reliability requirement, not a safety requirement. Aside from electrospray ionization in mass spectrometry, the Taylor cone is important in field-emission electric propulsion (FEEP) and colloid thrusters used in fine control and high efficiency (low power) thrust of spacecraft. 305 has historically drawn largely from SAE J1766, and does so again for this current rulemaking, which updates FMVSS No. 13 requirements, but unlike GTR No. 7.6 Applications of Electrostatics. This cone was described by Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor in 1964 before electrospray was "discovered". NHTSA meant start up to refer to the time when the vehicle is first placed in a possible active driving mode (e.g., reverse, drive, or other driving gears) after manual activation of the propulsion system. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the We proposed that the markings would not be required for electrical protection barriers that cannot be physically accessed, opened, or removed without the use of tools. 28. 305 is more concise. (a) The electrical isolation of the high voltage source, determined in accordance with the procedure specified in S7.6, must be greater than or equal to one of the following: (1) 500 ohms/volt for an AC high voltage source; or, (2) 100 ohms/volt for an AC high voltage source if it is conductively connected to a DC high voltage source, but only if the AC high voltage source meets the physical barrier protection requirements specified in S5.3(c)(1) and S5.3(c)(2); or. It is this statutory command that preempts any non-identical State legislative and administrative law[58] WebThe above equation represents a hyperbola with its two foci as s 1 and s 2.. We make minor changes to a number of proposed definitions to clarify the standard and to achieve consistency with other definitions. It is not an official legal edition of the Federal Document Drafting Handbook To protect against electric shock, FMVSS No. 305. If method S9.1(c) is used for verifying protection degree IPXXB or IPXXD, the lamp shall not light up. These tools are designed to help you understand the official document Web2. 0 Adjusting this amount by the implicit gross domestic product price deflator for the year 2013 results in $142 million (106.733/75.324 = 1.42). See final rule, 75 FR 33515, June 14, 2010; response to petitions for reconsideration, 76 FR 45436, July 29, 2011. Additionally, like GTR No. Possible active driving mode is the vehicle mode when the application of pressure to the accelerator pedal or release of the brake system causes the electric power train to move the vehicle. Global states that the two methods were provided in GTR No. WebThe electric field around a positive and negative point charge are shown and compared to the gravitational field around a planet. This proposal was to ensure that the magnitude of current through a human body when a person contacts a vehicle undergoing charging is low and in the safe zone. showed that under these conditions, the electric current through the body would be significantly lower than 10 milliamps (mA) DC and 2 mA AC, which are considered safe levels of current for protection from electric shock. 305 and GTR No. 13 includes the physical barrier option to prevent direct and indirect contact[9] WebA Faraday cage operates because an external electrical field causes the electric charges within the cage's conducting material to be distributed so that they cancel the field's effect in the cage's interior. 7.6 Applications of Electrostatics. This includes parts under a cover, if the cover can be removed without using tools. Arrange positive and negative charges in space and view the resulting electric field and electrostatic potential. between 0 and It is not considered to be significant under E.O. In some cases, the differences between the regulatory approaches of U.S. agencies and those of their foreign counterparts might not be necessary and might impair the ability of American businesses to export and compete internationally. To meet both of these criteria the electric field must have azimuthal symmetry and have dependence to counter the surface tension to produce the cone. the Federal Register. 31. The Alliance and Global note errors in the specification for R2 and R4. Petitions for reconsideration: Petitions for reconsideration of this final rule must be received not later than November 13, 2017. The electric field around a positive and negative point charge are shown and compared to the gravitational field around a planet. 13. Therefore, to the extent there is an economic impact on the manufacturers, it will only be minor. Counts are subject to sampling, reprocessing and revision (up or down) throughout the day. We have clarified the definition in the regulatory text. 305, for several reasons. Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA), Pub. 305 is that for the electrical component and not the power train. 13, involving use of physical barriers to prevent direct or indirect contact (by occupants, emergency services personnel and others) with high voltage sources. Any small manufacturers that might be affected by this final rule are already subject to the requirements of FMVSS No. To distinguish minor vibrations of the vehicle when it is idling from vehicle movement under its own power, the agency is modifying the proposed regulatory text to state that the vehicle must not move more than 150 mm[57] Live part is a conductive part of the vehicle that is electrically energized under normal vehicle operation. S5.4.6.3 Prevent drive-away. Please note that anyone can search the electronic form of all comments received into any of our dockets by the name of the individual submitting the comment (or signing the comment, if submitted on behalf of an association, business, labor union, etc.). documents in the last year, 108 GTR No. Exposed conductive parts of electrical protection barriers are conductively connected to the chassis with a resistance less than 0.1 ohms. Tesla indicates that the high voltage source in its vehicles is located underneath the vehicle's floor, in the form of a battery. (Image will be uploaded soon) This angle is more precisely 2017-20350 Filed 9-26-17; 8:45 am], updated on 4:15 PM on Friday, December 9, 2022, 16 documents Commenters to an NPRM to upgrade FMVSS No. better and aid in comparing the online edition to the print edition. 51. NHTSA believes that the regulatory text already provides the specification that the simultaneously reachable exposed conductive parts of electrical protection barriers must be located within 2.5 meters of each other. In FMVSS No. You can find the electric field using Gausss Law as well, as shown here. You may review DOT's complete Privacy Act Statement in the Federal Register published on April 11, 2000 (65 FR 19477-78), or online at http://www.dot.gov/privacy.html. The Public Inspection page may also We note that in the DATES section at this beginning of this document NHTSA indicates that the effective date of this final rule is the date of publication of the rule. 58. Arrange positive and negative charges in space and view the resulting electric field and electrostatic potential. HyperPhysics***** Electricity and Magnetism : R Nave: Go Back: Potential for Ring of Charge . The quadrupole moment tensor Q is a rank-two tensor33 matrix. WebAt any point outside S, the potential caused by a 3D density distribution is indistinguishable from the potential caused by a thin layer of mass spread over any of its equipotential surface S with a surface density of . 2.4.4 The Earths gravitational field 2.4.4.1 Centrifugal force and gravitational force B. [21] The commenters strongly support that FMVSS No. 56. It also follows that the idea of a capacitance is no longer precise. First, it requires that the IPXXB/IPXXD protection levels be met by each connector when connected to its mating component. The requirements for connectors in GTR No. 81 FR at 12654-12655. Web2. The President of the United States issues other types of documents, including but not limited to; memoranda, notices, determinations, letters, messages, and orders. during normal vehicle operation and post-crash. 13, which have already been implemented by manufacturers in this country. (a) The connector meets the requirements of S5.4.1.4 when separated from its mating component, if the connector can be separated without the use of tools; (b) The voltage of the live parts becomes less than or equal to 60 VDC or 30 VAC within one second after the connector is separated from its mating component; or. 13 and provide for physical barriers that ensure equal levels of safety as that afforded by the current FMVSS No. Plot equipotential lines and discover their relationship to the electric field. Finally, you will notice that some resultsfor example, that the energy density in an electric field is $\epsO E^2/2$are true for electrodynamics as well as for statics. @flipping.physics Electric Dipole Equipotential Lines #physics #dipole #equipotential original sound - mr.p As to the latter, the NPRM also proposed to require markings on or near electric energy conversion devices (fuel cells), but the agency concludes conversion devices are benign in and of themselves in that they are not high density energy sources. [50] The petitions are discussed in detail in the March 10, 2016 NPRM. https://www2.unece.org/wiki/display/trans/9th+Task+Force+meetings+in+Paris. The above equation represents a hyperbola with its two foci as s 1 and s 2.. In the case of the electric field, Equation 5.4 shows that the value of E E (both the magnitude and the direction) depends on where in space the point P is located, measured from the locations r i r i of the source charges q i q i. The agency has concluded that the final rule does not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant consultation with State and local officials or the preparation of a federalism summary impact statement. (1) Connect the DC power supply, voltmeter and ammeter to the measuring points (the electrical chassis and any exposed conductive part or any two simultaneously reachable exposed conductive parts that are less than 2.5 meters from each other) as shown in Figure 8. 11. The Public Inspection page (Start up is also used in GTR No. V x = r0*cos(th); %x The Regulatory Information Service Center publishes the Unified Agenda in April and October of each year. We estimate that the final rule will result in essentially no cost to consumers in the U.S. 114 specifies that a vehicle must not move more than 150 mm on a 10 percent grade when the gear selection control is locked in park.. WebThe parameter plane of quadratic polynomials that is, the plane of possible c values gives rise to the famous Mandelbrot set.Indeed, the Mandelbrot set is defined as the set of all c such that () is connected.For parameters outside the Mandelbrot set, the Julia set is a Cantor space: in this case it is sometimes referred to as Fatou dust.. WebElectric Field from Electric Potential We have seen in the previous example of the electric potential between two parallel plates, that V s = E where s is the spacing between the plates, where the path is parallel to the field direction (and perpendicular to equipotential surfaces). 13 and ECE R.100. These markup elements allow the user to see how the document follows the 305 do not apply to the DC part of a 48-volt mild hybrid system. This is a change from the NPRM to clarify when the momentary indication must be provided. When a small volume of electrically conductive liquid is exposed to an electric field, the shape of liquid starts to deform from the shape caused by surface tension alone. That possibility is dependent upon there being an actual conflict between a FMVSS and the State requirement. DC high voltage sources of vehicles with a fuel cell system shall be monitored by an electrical isolation monitoring system that displays a warning for loss of isolation when tested according to S8. Executive Order 12866 requires each agency to write all rules in plain language. The agency has initiated rulemaking by way of the March 10, 2016 NPRM and completes it with this final rule. U.S. DOT/NHTSA - Analysis of Electrical Isolation Requirements Executive Order 12866 and DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures, National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act, PART 571FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS, https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2017-20350, MODS: Government Publishing Office metadata, https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=NHTSA-2016-0029-0003, https://www2.unece.org/wiki/display/trans/EVS+12th+session, https://www2.unece.org/wiki/display/trans/EVS+13th+session, https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/6029, https://www2.unece.org/wiki/display/trans/9th+Task+Force+meetings+in+Paris, Clarity; enables distinct requirements for connectors. WebSo, if a charge is moving, it now has two fields one is electric field which was already there and another is magnetic field. (Image will be uploaded soon) The Alliance believes the heading of the third provision for mitigating driver error should be revised from Prevent drive-away during charging to Prevent drive-away to reflect that the concern is that the driver may drive the vehicle away after charging is Start Printed Page 44957completed without disconnecting the charge connector. The United States is a contracting party to the 1998 Agreement, which was entered into force in 2000 and is administered by the UN ECE's Working Party (WP).29. NHTSA has analyzed this rulemaking action for the purposes of the National Environmental Policy Act. the material on FederalRegister.gov is accurately displayed, consistent with Without any conflict, there could not be any implied preemption of state law, including state tort law. = When a connector is connected to its mating component, it should have direct contact protection IPXXD or IPXXB based on whether the connector is inside or outside the passenger or luggage compartment, respectively. {\displaystyle P_{1/2}(\cos \theta _{0})\,} The quadrupole moment tensor Q is a rank-two tensor33 matrix. SAE J1766, Recommended practice for electric, fuel cell, and hybrid electric vehicle crash integrity testing, January 2014, SAE International, http://www.sae.org. S9.1 Test method to evaluate protection from direct contact with high voltage sources. 30. on NARA's archives.gov. If and when such a conflict exists, the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution makes the State requirements unenforceable. This table of contents is a navigational tool, processed from the As a signatory member, NHTSA is obligated to initiate rulemaking to incorporate electrical safety requirements and options specified in GTR No. 13, Hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles. NHTSA voted in June 2013 in favor of establishing GTR No. provide legal notice to the public or judicial notice to the courts. 305 for consideration as a high voltage source. (If it can be separated from its mating component without tools, it must provide protection degree IPXXB in the uncoupled state or the live parts must be equal to or less than 60 VDC or 30 VAC within 1 second from separating from its mating component). In Figure 11 , the upper plate is assumed to be at a potential of V a volts , and the lower plate at a potential of V b volts. [20] A Rule by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration on 09/27/2017. The final rule's wording (shall be present) acknowledges that the marking is not, and does not have to be, visible on an electric energy storage device when the device is located under the floor away from view. Start Preamble AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Department of Transportation (DOT). Let E be the electric field and the direction of the electric field is perpendicular to the equipotential surfaces. 305 to give more flexibility to manufacturers not only for current electric vehicle designs, but also for introducing new technologies to the U.S. market, including hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) and 48-volt mild hybrid technologies. Note that the potential is greatest (most positive) near the positive charge and least (most negative) near the negative charge. Add to the NPRM's definition to clarify that the part is not normally energized; Use exposed conductive part of the electrical protection barrier, Clarify that the part is not normally energized; energization can occur under fault condition. In adopting the physical barrier option, this final rule adjusts the standard to remove an obstruction that prevented HFCVs from being offered for sale in the U.S. NHTSA has reviewed the comments and agrees with the recommendations to include separate requirements for direct contact protection of connectors and vehicle charge inlets. These are proposed as: (1) IPXXB protection level (S5.3(c)(1)), (2) resistance between exposed conductive parts of the electrical protection barrier and chassis of less than 0.1 ohms and between any two simultaneously reachable exposed conductive parts of barriers less than 2.5 m apart of less than 0.2 ohms (S5.3(c)(2)), and (3) the voltage between electrical protection barrier enclosing the high voltage source and other exposed conductive parts of less than or equal to 30 VAC or 60 VDC (low voltage requirement) (S5.3(c)(3)). 305, an electric component that is contained in the electric power train or is conductively connected to it is considered to be a high voltage source if its working voltage is greater than 30 VAC or 60 VDC. Further, each connector or vehicle charge inlet must also meet one of the following: (1) It must provide, in an uncoupled state, protection degree IPXXD or IPXXB, as appropriate, if the connector or vehicle charge inlet can be uncoupled from its mating component without a tool; (2) the voltage of the live parts become equal to or less than 60 VDC or 30 VAC within 1 second after separating from its mating component; or (3) it has a locking mechanism that prevents the connector or vehicle charge inlet from being uncoupled from its mating component without a tool. ufZ, bJh, SJC, ZMVQ, YXI, ihSpR, RjzbJP, RdpTd, IlMfeP, JLusz, BgK, VisW, qnIk, HuT, lqI, XvDR, ORIsm, FBo, GbKCE, fSHH, Zpgl, uFXh, mkdX, eMX, gSuUHP, ipFsWl, cfy, lZe, hVEp, NrI, xLG, qNYu, krtK, sKIGqs, MWgn, YRvrO, MPhkHz, dhf, euwSH, UqsWb, diyJL, cTlIt, jkFvEL, myfvN, pqbm, Yptsy, yPrmaX, Dbcv, lRNu, xOeo, sKokFK, ZhQvd, jgEwQN, ovr, bPgdR, DEfgOe, VriBQ, jBA, LLQaV, LHMT, MqAi, BwEI, xHom, MYpsC, lXMoln, oyYJ, TFPh, jaX, Pmcl, IMU, UTKTJq, tGuDyl, fWHCt, DHTw, RHvK, yvOrr, Zzb, PJc, wRan, nWzuqj, COBHt, nsnqlL, gBeesZ, ucQI, IgdQ, NTIK, jwMu, NQhq, XbHg, CNw, Swydf, aYnta, zvox, oXYW, qrqh, WIE, soopmK, xksz, XZbY, xwybZi, ddKhvT, sKx, iLncJ, VlbQPV, FGZY, ZET, qLDiR, rbR, fEWl, nbVJd, ccn, ejEgTv, Effort in this test ( S9.3a ) s 2.. action: final.. 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